8/31/10

Switching Protein Sources May Reduce CHD Risk

News Author: Reed Miller

CME Author: Charles P. Vega, MD
Released: 08/19/2010; Valid for credit through 08/19/2011
 
August 19, 2010 — Data from more than 84 000 women over 26 years suggest that shifting dietary protein sources away from red meat to more poultry, fish, and nuts can reduce an individual's risk of coronary heart disease [1].

Dr Adam Bernstein (Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA) and colleagues analyzed data from 26 years of follow-up from 84 136 women, aged 30 to 55 years, in the Nurses' Health Study. Their results are published online August 16, 2010 in Circulation. The patients enrolled in the study had no known cancer, diabetes mellitus, angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, or other cardiovascular disease. Their diet was tracked with a standard questionnaire every 4 years. During 26 years of follow-up, 2210 incident nonfatal infarctions and 952 deaths from coronary heart disease were reported.

A multivariable analysis of diet and traditional risk factors, like age and smoking, shows that consumption of red meat and high-fat dairy were significantly associated with an elevated risk of coronary heart disease, whereas higher intakes of poultry, fish, and nuts were significantly associated with lower risk.

A statistical model controlling for total intake of calories, cereal fiber, alcohol, trans-unsaturated fatty acids, and other potential nondietary confounding variables, shows that one serving per day of nuts was associated with a 30% lower risk of coronary disease than one serving per day of red meat. The same one-serving exchange comparison found a 13% lower risk with low-fat dairy, a 19% lower risk with poultry, and a 24% lower risk with fish.

The latest analysis from the Nurses' Health Study affirms the findings from 14 years and 16 years of follow-up, and red meat continues to be significantly related to coronary disease risk, independent of measured confounders and known intermediate outcomes.

The authors also found a link between total meat intake and coronary disease risk, likely driven by the high proportion of red meat in the total meat intake, but the strong association between red meat and coronary disease cannot be entirely explained by the intake of processed meat, because red meat remained associated with coronary disease even when processed meat was excluded. However, a recent study by Dr Renata Micha (Harvard School of Public Health, Boston) found that eating unprocessed red meat did not increase the risk of coronary heart disease or diabetes, but eating 50 g of processed meat per day was associated with a 42% higher risk of CHD and a 19% increased risk of diabetes, most likely because of the volume of sodium and other preservatives.

The authors recall that dietary iron--particularly the heme iron found in red meat--has been positively associated with myocardial infarction and fatal coronary disease in most, but not all, previous studies. The effect of heme iron on systolic blood pressure, the high sodium content of processed meats, and the compounds created by cooking red meat, such as heterocyclic amines and advanced glycation end-products, might also increase coronary risk.

Bernstein et al cite a recent meta-analysis by Dr Dariush Mozaffarian (Harvard University, Boston) and colleagues, showing that reducing saturated fat did not reduce coronary risk, but replacing saturated fats with polyunsaturated fats significantly reduced the risk of coronary heart disease.

"When major sources of protein, such as nuts and fish, are used to replace red meat, saturated fat, heme iron, and sodium decrease, whereas intake of polyunsaturated fat increases. The benefit on CHD risk of such a substitution is thus likely to be due to multiple simultaneous changes in nutrient intake," Bernstein et al conclude.

References

1. Bernstein A, Sun Q, Hu F, et al. Major dietary protein sources and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Circulation 2010; DOI:10.1161/circulationaha.109.915165. Available at http://circ.ahajournals.org/.


source : http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/727146?src=cmemp&uac=97984HK

regards, taniafdi ^_^

Reminder Systems May Reduce Inpatient Catheter Use and Associated Urinary Tract Infections

News Author: Laurie Barclay, MD

CME Author: Désirée Lie, MD, MSEd
Released: 08/23/2010; Valid for credit through 08/23/2011
 
August 23, 2010 — Reminder systems may reduce catheter-associated urinary infections (CAUTIs) and catheter use in hospitalized patients, according to the results of a systematic review and meta-analysis reported in the September 1 issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases.

"Prolonged catheterization is the primary risk factor for ...CAUTI," write Jennifer Meddings, from University of Michigan and Ann Arbor VA Medical Center, and colleagues. "Reminder systems are interventions used to prompt the removal of unnecessary urinary catheters. To summarize the effect of urinary catheter reminder systems on the rate of CAUTI, urinary catheter use, and the need for recatheterization, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis."

The reviewers identified studies by searching MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Biosis, the Web of Science, EMBASE, and CINAHL through August 2008. Inclusion criteria were interventional studies using reminders to physicians or nurses that a urinary catheter was in use or stop orders to prompt catheter removal in hospitalized adults. Of 6679 citations identified, 118 articles were reviewed, and 14 studies met selection criteria.

Use of a reminder or stop order was associated with a 52% decrease in the rate of CAUTI episodes per 1000 catheter-days (rate ratio, 0.48; P < .001) and a 37% reduction in the mean duration of catheterization. Compared with the control group, the intervention group had 2.61 fewer days of catheterization per patient. Overall, the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) in the duration of catheterization was -1.11 (P = .070). Studies using a stop order showed a statistically significant decrease in the duration of catheterization (SMD, -0.30; P = .001), whereas those that used a reminder did not (SMD, -1.54; P = .071). Control and intervention groups had similar rates of recatheterization.

"[I]nterventions to routinely prompt physicians or nurses to remove unnecessary urinary catheters significantly decrease the rate of CAUTI, and no evidence indicates that these interventions increase the need for recatheterization," the study authors write. "Urinary catheter reminders and stop orders have the potential to improve patient safety by changing the default status of urinary catheters from persistent use to timely removal."

Limitations of this study include only 1 randomized controlled trial identified; and heterogeneity of the included studies in the populations investigated, details of the reminder and stop-order interventions, follow-up duration, and inclusion and exclusion criteria.

"Given the large burden of CAUTI, it is surprising that only ~1 in 10 US hospitals use reminders or stop orders", the study authors conclude. We hope that our results will encourage more hospitals to adopt reminders or stop orders as low-cost interventions that enhance patient safety."

Dr. Meddings receives assistance from the National Institutes of Health Clinical Loan Repayment Program for 2009-2010. The senior study author (Dr. Sanjay Saint) is currently supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the National Institute of Nursing Research. He is also a faculty consultant for the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) on the IHI catheter-associated urinary tract infection expedition and during the past 5 years has received honoraria from the VHA and numerous individual hospitals, academic medical centers, and professional societies.

The content of the journal article is solely the responsibility of the study authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Veterans Affairs, or the University of Michigan Health System. The other study authors have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:550-560. Abstract

The Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee's (HICPAC) Guideline for Prevention of Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections, 2009 is available online.
 
source : http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/727279?src=cmemp&uac=97984HK
 
regards, taniafdi ^_^

Tai Chi May Be Useful to Treat Fibromyalgia

News Author: Laurie Barclay, MD

CME Author: Charles P. Vega, MD
Released: 08/19/2010; Valid for credit through 08/19/2011

August 19, 2010 — Tai chi may be a helpful intervention for patients with fibromyalgia, according to the results of a single-blind, randomized trial reported in the August 19 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.

"Previous research has suggested that tai chi offers a therapeutic benefit in patients with fibromyalgia," write Chenchen Wang, MD, MPH, from Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston, Massachusetts, and colleagues. "...[Tai chi] combines meditation with slow, gentle, graceful movements, as well as deep breathing and relaxation, to move vital energy (or qi) throughout the body. It is considered a complex, multicomponent intervention that integrates physical, psychosocial, emotional, spiritual, and behavioral elements."

Fibromyalgia was defined by American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria. Participants (n = 66) were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive classic Yang-style tai chi or a control intervention consisting of wellness education and stretching. In both groups, participants received 60-minute sessions twice weekly for 12 weeks.

Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) score (ranging from 0 - 100) at the end of 12 weeks was the main study outcome, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms. Secondary outcomes were summary scores on the physical and mental components of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey. To assess durability of the response, these tests were performed again at 24 weeks.

Improvements in the FIQ total score and quality of life in the tai chi group were clinically important. For this group, mean baseline and 12-week FIQ scores were 62.9 ± 15.5 and 35.1 ± 18.8, respectively, vs 68.0 ± 11 and 58.6 ± 17.6, respectively, in the control group. The mean between-group difference from baseline in the tai chi group vs the control group was −18.4 points (P < .001).

The tai chi group also fared better than the wellness intervention group in physical component scores of the Short-Form Health Survey (28.5 ± 8.4 and 37.0 ± 10.5 for the tai chi group vs 28.0 ± 7.8 and 29.4 ± 7.4 for the control group; between-group difference, 7.1 points; P = .001) and mental component scores (42.6 ± 12.2 and 50.3 ± 10.2 vs 37.8 ± 10.5 and 39.4 ± 11.9, respectively; between-group difference, 6.1 points; P = .03).

These improvements were still present at 24 weeks (FIQ score between-group difference, −18.3 points; P < .001), with no reported adverse events.

Limitations of this study include lack of double blinding, lack of generalizability because treatment was delivered by a single tai chi master at a single center, and follow-up limited to 24 weeks.

"In conclusion, our preliminary findings indicate that tai chi may be a useful treatment in the multidisciplinary management of fibromyalgia," the study authors write. "Longer-term studies involving larger clinical samples are warranted to assess the generalizability of our findings and to deepen our understanding of this promising therapeutic approach."

The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, the American College of Rheumatology Research and Education Foundation Health Professional Investigator Award, and the Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center Research Career Development Award supported this study. The contents of the journal article are solely the responsibility of the study authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine or the National Institutes of Health. Disclosure forms provided by the study authors are available with the full text of the original article here .

N Engl J Med. 2010;363:743-754.


regards, taniafdi ^_^

Grandparents


My mother's parents. Hwaa..., opa ama oma lagi ngapain nieh.., so sweet..., udh lama banget fotonya. Sepertinya lokasinya di kapal. ^^


My beloved Opa, i wish my grandpa still here..., with us.. T_T, best person n really inspiring. N the best mantri i ever seen..


My father's parents.., ^^. Inyik n nenek bidan..., : ))

regards, taniafdi ^_^

8/29/10

Untuk Dikenang ^^


regards, taniafdi ^_^

The L O M O

Hmm... suka juga jadinya...

HOLGA.






Hasil gambar HOLGA.

DIANA.



Hasil gambar DIANA.

LOMOGRAPHY.




LOMOGRAPHY UNDERWATER.






Click picture for more size and URL information.

regards, taniafdi ^_^

8/27/10

Pathologic Internet Use by Teens Linked to Increased Depression Risk

News Author: Pam Harrison
CME Author: Charles P. Vega, MD

Released: 08/10/2010; Valid for credit through 08/10/2011



August 10, 2010 — Young people who are initially free of mental health problems but who use the Internet pathologically are at risk for depression as a consequence of their addictive Internet use, new research suggests.
Lawrence Lam, PhD, School of Medicine, Sydney, and the University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia, and colleagues performed a prospective study in which they showed that students who used the Internet pathologically at baseline were 2.3 times as likely to experience depression at 9-month follow-up compared with students who did not exhibit pathologic Internet use.
"After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the relative risk for depression for those who used the Internet pathologically was two and half times...that of the group who did not," they write. After taking baseline risk for controls into account, those who used the Internet pathologically were 1.5 times more likely to have experienced depression at follow-up than controls, they add.
In contrast, pathologic Internet use did not affect the risk of anxiety among the same survey cohort.
The study was published online August 2 in the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine.
"There are many possible explanations for the link between pathological Internet use and depression — one obvious explanation being lack of sleep, which is very common among problematic Internet users," Dr. Lam toldMedscape Medical News. Young people may also be more "reactive" toward the contents of the Internet, particularly those who are involved in "gaming," he added.
"A lot of these games are highly competitive and mostly the players are playing against other competitors, [so] failure in game-playing is as real as failure in other parts of their lives," said Dr. Lam. "But these are only educated hypotheses; we still need much further research into possible reasons or explanation."
Primary Use for Entertainment
The study was performed on a sample of 1618 students who were attending high school in Guangzhou, Southeast China, in July 2008. The sample consisted mainly of adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16 years, with a mean age of 15 years. There was an even distribution between males and females and between urban and nonurban schools, although more families resided in the city (73%).
Anxiety was measured using the Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale, depression by the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale, and pathologic use of the Internet by the Internet Addiction Test, also known as Young's Internet Addiction Scale. The Internet Addiction Scale contains questions that reflect typical behaviors of addiction, including, "How often do you feel depressed, moody, or nervous when you are off-line, which goes away once you are back on-line?"
Results showed that most respondents (93.6%) were "normal" Internet users, whereas 6.2% exhibited "moderate" pathologic use. Only 2 users (0.2%) of the cohort exhibited severely pathologic Internet use.
Approximately half of respondents (45.5%) used the Internet for entertainment, whereas about 28% used the Internet for information and knowledge and roughly similar numbers to communicate with school mates, making friends, and avoiding boredom.
"Young people who used the Internet pathologically were more likely to use it for entertainment and less likely to use it for information, and at the 9-month follow-up, 8 students (0.2%) were classified as having significant anxiety symptoms and 87 (8.4%) scored higher than the cutoff of 50 on the depression scale."
Table. Adjusted Ratio Ratios (95% CIs) of Anxiety and Depression
Pathologic Internet UseAnxietyDepression
Severe/moderate1.0 (0.2 – 6.8)2.5 (1.3 – 4.3)
Normal1.01.0
CI = confidence interval
Mental Health Implications
According to the study authors, findings from the study have important preventive mental health implications for young people. According to a recent meta-analysis, screening at-risk adolescents can be effectively performed in the school setting, and a number of screening instruments for depression have already been used in many studies — suggesting that schoolchildren can be successfully screened for early signs of depression. Those who are identified as "at risk" for depression on initial screening then may go on to receive a clinical diagnosis and treatment, said Dr. Lam.
"Early intervention and prevention that targets at-risk groups with identified risk factors is effective in reducing the burden of depression among young people," the investigators write.
Internet Research Still in Its Infancy
Dimitri Christakis, MD, MPH, University of Washington, Seattle, told Medscape Medical News that research on problematic Internet use is still in its infancy in part because science has not been able to keep up with all of the various forms of activities that keep people on line.
"That said, there is growing evidence that pathological Internet use is a real entity...somewhat like problematic gambling, another form of nonpharmacological behavioral addiction, and as we see in problematic gambling, there is a link between problematic Internet usage and mental health," he said.
However, that link is almost certainly not unidirectional when it comes to pathologic Internet use but rather a "vicious cycle" where problematic Internet use increases social isolation and withdrawal, which leads to even more problematic Internet use, etc.
"People who are susceptible to depression are already more prone to social isolation and withdrawal and therefore more likely to develop problematic Internet usage because the Internet provides an outlet for them," Dr. Christakis observed. "So the findings from the study are highly plausible, and because it was longitudinal and adjusted for baseline levels of depression and Internet use, the findings are both novel and robust."
The study authors and Dr. Christakis have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Published online August 2, 2010.

source : http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/726625?src=cmemp&uac=97984HK


regards, taniafdi ^_^

Nebulized 3% Saline Without Adjunctive Bronchodilators May Be Safe for Bronchiolitis

News Author: Laurie Barclay, MD
CME Author: Désirée Lie, MD, MSEd

Released: 08/16/2010; Valid for credit through 08/16/2011



August 16, 2010 — Nebulized hypertonic 3% saline solution without adjunctive bronchodilators has a low rate of adverse events in infants younger than 2 years with bronchiolitis, according to the results of a retrospective cohort study reported online August 16 in Pediatrics.
"Multiple studies evaluated nebulized hypertonic saline solution as a therapy for viral bronchiolitis in young children," write Shawn Ralston, MD, from University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, and colleagues. "However, the available studies combined hypertonic saline solution with some form of bronchodilator because of theoretical concerns that hypertonic saline solution may cause bronchospasm.... This is the first study to investigate systematically the risk of bronchospasm or other significant adverse effects with hypertonic saline solution administered without bronchodilators for viral bronchiolitis."
The objective of the study was to assess the rate of adverse events for nebulized, 3% hypertonic saline solution given without bronchodilators to children younger than 2 years who were hospitalized with the primary diagnosis of bronchiolitis at a single academic medical center. The investigators reviewed medical charts for use of nebulized 3% saline solution, related adverse events, respiratory distress scores, timing of bronchodilator use relative to saline administration, transfer to higher-level care, and readmission within 72 hours after discharge.
The study authors used the phrase “without adjunctive bronchodilator” to indicate that the dose of 3% saline solution was administered without prior administration of a bronchodilator within 4 hours and without administration of a bronchodilator in the 4 hours immediately following the saline dose.
Of 444 total doses of 3% saline solution given, 377 doses (85%) were given without adjunctive bronchodilators, resulting in 4 adverse events (adverse event rate, 1.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3% - 2.8%). In general, adverse events were mild except for 1 episode of bronchospasm (rate, 0.3%; 95% CI, < 0.01% - 1.6%).
"The use of 3% saline solution without adjunctive bronchodilators for inpatients with bronchiolitis had a low rate of adverse events in our center," the study authors write.
Limitations of this study include possible overreporting or underreporting of adverse events, retrospective design, possibly incomplete data, and lack of data regarding the efficacy of 3% saline solution.
"Additional clinical trials of 3% saline solution in bronchiolitis should evaluate the effectiveness of 3% saline solution in the absence of adjunctive bronchodilators, because these medications are not routinely indicated in bronchiolitis, on the basis of current evidence," the study authors conclude.
The study authors have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Pediatrics. Published online August 16, 2010.

source : http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/726941?src=cmemp&uac=97984HK

regards, taniafdi ^_^

8/25/10

All from vegetables

Seorang seniman asal China bernama Ju Duoqi mencoba membuat lukisan yang berasal atau berbahan dasar dari sayur-sayuran..., hasilnya benar-benar mengesankan.. ^^




regards, taniafdi ^_^

Di Istana Schwetzingen Berdiri Masjid yang Indah



REPUBLIKA.CO.ID, JAKARTA--Sejarah mencatat, pada zaman Turki Utsmani (1300-1922), penyebaran Islam sudah masuk ke kawasan benua Eropa saat ini. Namun, Islam sendiri baru masuk Jerman pada tahun 1700-1800, diperkenalkan oleh para imigran asal Turki. Sehingga tidak mengherankan jika komunitas Muslim di Jerman kebanyakan adalah orang-orang keturunan Turki.

Perkembangan Islam di negara ini cukup pesat. Pada 1989, sensus yang dilakukan suatu organisasi Islam mencatat sekitar 10 ribu orang Jerman asli memeluk Islam. Pada 2006, jumlah penduduk Muslim di Jerman mencapai 3,3 juta jiwa atau sekitar empat persen dari populasi penduduk Jerman.

Dengan perkembang yang cukup pesat ini, sampai sekarang terdapat sekitar 2.500 masjid di Jerman, dan hanya 160 yang dikenal luas. Kendati demikian, tren pembangunan masjid baru di negeri ini sedang meningkat. Sedikitnya ada 200 masjid yang tengah dikonstruksi saat ini.
Keberadaan bangunan masjid di Jerman sudah ada sejak akhir abad ke-18. Tepatnya di Kota Schwetzingen, masjid pertama di Jerman dibangun. Pada 1740, Raja Frederick II, pemegang kekaisaran Roma dan Raja Yerusalem dan Sicilia berkata, ''Semua agama adalah sama dan baik, jika orang-orang yang memeluknya jujur, dan bila Turki datang kemari dan ingin tinggal di negara ini, maka kita akan dirikan bagi mereka masjid-masjid.''

Bangunan masjid pertama di Jerman ini cukup unik, karena lokasinya yang berada di dalam kompleks Istana Schwetzingen. Masjid Schwetzingen dibangun untuk menghormati toleransi. Tetapi tidak sedikit isu sejarah yang beredar di kalangan masyarakat Schwetzingen menyebutkan bahwa masjid ini sengaja dibangun sebagai hadiah bagi salah satu istri raja yang berasal dari Turki dan beragama Islam.

Desas-desus lain yang juga berkembang luas di tengah masyarakat adalah bahwa salah satu bangsawan yang hidup di sini pada masa itu ada yang Muslim. Sayangnya, bangunan masjid ini sekarang tidak lagi digunakan sebagai tempat shalat. Kini, Masjid Schwetzingen hanya difungsikan sebagai bangunan bersejarah dan objek wisata, seperti halnya bangunan lainnya yang berada di dalam kompleks Istana Schwetzingen. Kecuali hari Senin, bangunan Masjid Schwetzingen terbuka bagi kunjungan masyarakat umum.

Dirancang dan dibangun pada tahun 1779 oleh arsitek berkebangsaan Perancis Nicolas de Pigage (1723-1796). Proses pembangunan kompleks Masjid Schwetzingen sendiri memakan waktu lima belas tahun lamanya (1779-1796).
Masjid Schwetzingen merupakan bangunan terbesar pertama yang mengedepankan gaya arsitektur oriental di sebuah negeri berbahasa Jerman. Pigage menggabungkan elemen-elemen dari arsitektur Islam Moor dengan eksotisme dari kisah-kisah dongeng Seribu Satu Malam.

Tak hanya sebatas itu. Oleh sang arsitek, Masjid Schwetzingen juga dirancang dan dibangun dengan menggunakan konsep taman. Karenanya masjid ini menjadi masjid taman pertama yang dibangun pada abad ke-18, dan hingga kini masih berdiri megah di kawasan Eropa. Taman yang berada di sekeliling bangunan masjid mengadopsi konsep taman-taman di Turki.

Pesona arsitektur Timur secara jelas sudah bisa ditangkap manakala pengunjung melihat bagian luar dari bangunan Masjid Schwetzingen. Pengaruh arsitektur Timur ini semakin tampak jelas, saat memasuki bagian tengah masjid, yang berbentuk kubah bundar, yang diapit oleh ruangan-ruangan berbentuk persegi. Gaya oriental juga tampak kental pada interior masjid, dengan penggunaan mosaik marmer pada lantai di ruang bagian tengah.

Bagian langit-langit masjid dihiasi dengan ornamen dari bahan plesteran. Di bagian tengah bangunan masjid ini terdapat ruangan khusus bagi para imam masjid. Keberadaan ruang khusus ini semakin memperkuat kesan bahwa bangunan ini pada masa lalu pernah difungsikan sebagai tempat ibadah.

Sedangkan permukaan dinding masjid bagian dalam dihiasi dengan lukisan dan sepuhan emas. Kutipan ayat-ayat Alquran bisa kita jumpai pada permukaan dinding masjid bagian luar dan di langit-langit kubah. Untuk mencapai bagian teras depan masjid, kita harus melewati sejumlah tiang pilar yang dari kejauhan tampak terlihat seperti memainkan siluet bayangan dan cahaya secara bergantian.

Seperti bangunan masjid lainnya yang dibangun pada masa pemerintahan Turki Utsmani, Masjid Schwetzingen juga dilengkapi dengan bangunan menara. Menara tersebut menghiasi kedua sisi bangunan masjid. Namun, sayangnya menara Masjid Schwetzingen ini tertutup bagi kunjungan wisatawan. Pengunjung tidak diperbolehkan untuk menaiki anak tangga yang menuju ke puncak menara.


regards, taniafdi ^_^

8/23/10

Hukum Seputar Darah Wanita: HAID

Penulis: Ummu Hamzah


Muroja’ah: Ustadz Abu ‘Ukkasyah Aris Munandar

Pada tulisan yang telah lalu telah dibahas mengenai hal-hal yang diharomkan bagi wanita haid. Pada tulisan bagian kedua ini, akan dipaparkan tiga permasalahan penting terkait wanita haid, yaitu mengenai boleh tidaknya wanita haid masuk ke dalam masjid serta menyentuh dan membaca Al Qur’an.

Bolehkah seorang wanita yang sedang haid masuk dan duduk di dalam masjid ?

Sebagian ulama melarang seorang wanita masuk dan duduk di dalam masjid dengan dalil:
لاَأُحِلُّ الْمَسْجِدُ ِلحَائِضٍُ وَلا َجُنُبٍ

“Aku tidak menghalalkan masjid untuk wanita yang haidh dan orang yang junub.” (Diriwayatkan oleh Abu Daud no.232, al Baihaqi II/442-443, dan lain-lain)

Akan tetapi hadits di atas merupakan hadits dho’if (lemah) meski memiliki beberapa syawahid (penguat) namun sanad-sanadnya lemah sehingga tidak bisa menguatkannya dan tidak dapat dijadikan hujjah. Syaikh Albani -rahimahullaah- telah menjelaskan hal tersebut dalam ‘Dho’if Sunan Abi Daud’ no. 32 serta membantah ulama yang menshahihkan hadits tersebut seperti Ibnu Khuzaimah, Ibnu al Qohthon, dan Asy Syaukani. Beliau juga menyebutkan ke-dho’if-an hadits ini dalam Irwa’ul Gholil’ I/201-212 no. 193.

Berikut ini sebagian dalil yang digunakan oleh ulama yang membolehkan seorang wanita haid duduk di masjid (Jami’ Ahkamin Nisa’ I/191-192):

1.Adanya seorang wanita hitam yang tinggal di dalam masjid pada zaman Nabi shallallahu’alaihi wa sallam. Namun tidak ada dalil yang menyatakan bahwa Nabi shallallahu’alaihi wa sallam memerintahkannya untuk meninggalkan masjid ketika ia mengalami haidh.

2.Sabda Nabi shallallahu’alaihi wa sallam kepada ‘Aisyah radhiyallahu’anha, “Lakukanlah apa yang bisa dilakukan oleh orang yang berhaji selain thowaf di Baitullah.” Larangan thowaf ini dikarenakan thowaf di Baitullah termasuk sholat, maka wanita itu hanya dilarang untuk thowaf dan tidak dilarang masuk ke dalam masjid. Apabila orang yang berhaji diperbolehkan masuk masjid, maka hal tersebut juga diperbolehkan bagi seorang wanita yang haidh.

Kesimpulan:
Wanita yang sedang haid diperbolehkan masuk dan duduk di dalam masjid karena tidak ada dalil yang jelas dan shohih yang melarang hal tersebut. Namun, hendaknya wanita tersebut menjaga diri dengan baik sehingga darahnya tidak mengotori masjid.

Bolehkah seorang wanita yang sedang haid membaca Al Qur’an (dengan hafalannya) ?

Sebagian ulama berpendapat bahwa wanita yang haid dilarang untuk membaca Al Qur’an (dengan hafalannya) dengan dalil:

لاَ تَقرَأِ الْحَا ءضُ َوَلاََ الْجُنُبُ شَيْئًا مِنَ الْقُرْانِ

“Orang junub dan wanita haid tidak boleh membaca sedikitpun dari Al Qur’an.” (Diriwayatkan oleh Imam Tirmidzi I/236; Al Baihaqi I/89 dari Isma’il bin ‘Ayyasi dari Musa bin ‘Uqbah dari Nafi’ dari Ibnu ‘Umar)

Al Baihaqi berkata, “Pada hadits ini perlu diperiksa lagi. Muhammad bin Ismail al Bukhari menurut keterangan yang sampai kepadaku berkata, ‘Sesungguhnya yang meriwayatkan hadits ini adalah Isma’il bin Ayyasi dari Musa bin ‘Uqbah dan aku tidak tahu hadits lain yang diriwayatkan, sedangkan Isma’il adalah munkar haditsnya (apabila) gurunya berasal dari Hijaz dan ‘Iraq’.”

Al ‘Uqaili berkata, “Abdullah bin Ahmad berkata, ‘Ayahku (Imam Ahmad) berkata, ‘Ini hadits bathil. Aku mengingkari hadits ini karena adanya Ismail bin ‘Ayyasi’ yaitu kesalahannya disebabkan oleh Isma’il bin ‘Ayyasi’.”

Syaikh Al Albani berkata, “Hadits ini diriwayatkan dari penduduk Hijaz maka hadits ini dhoif.” (Diringkas dari Larangan-larangan Seputar Wanita Haid dari Irwa’ul Gholil I/206-210)

Kesimpulan dari komentar para imam ahli hadits mengenai hadits di atas adalah sanad hadits tersebut lemah sehingga tidak dapat digunakan sebagai dalil untuk melarang wanita haid membaca Al Qur’an.

Hadits dari ‘Aisyah radhiyallahu’anha beliau berkata, “Aku datang ke Mekkah sedangkan aku sedang haidh. Aku tidak melakukan thowaf di Baitullah dan (sa’i) antara Shofa dan Marwah. Saya laporkan keadaanku itu kepada Rasulullah shallallahu’alaihi wa sallam, maka beliau bersabda, ‘Lakukanlah apa yang biasa dilakukan oleh haji selain thowaf di Baitullah hingga engkau suci’.” (Hadits riwayat Imam Bukhori no. 1650)

Seorang yang melakukan haji diperbolehkan untuk berdzikir dan membaca Al Qur’an. Maka, kedua hal tersebut juga diperbolehkan bagi seorang wanita yang haid karena yang terlarang dilakukan oleh wanita tersebut -berdasar hadits di atas- hanyalah thowaf di Baitullah. (Jami’ Ahkamin Nisa’ I/183)

Kesimpulan:
Wanita yang sedang haid diperbolehkan untuk berdzikir dan membaca Al Qur’an karena tidak ada dalil yang jelas dan shohih dari Rasulullah shallallahu’alaihi wa sallam yang melarang hal tersebut. Wallahu Ta’ala a’lam.

Bolehkah seorang wanita yang sedang haid menyentuh mushhaf Al Qur’an ?

Telah terjadi perselisihan pendapat di kalangan ulama. Ulama yang melarang hal tersebut berdalil dengan ayat:

لاَّ يَمَسَّةُ إِلاَّ الْمُطَهَّرُونَ

Artinya:
“Tidak menyentuhnya kecuali hamba-hamba yang disucikan.” (QS. Al Waqi’ah: 79)

يَمُسُّ maksudnya adalah menyentuh mushhaf al Qur’an. المُطَهَّرُونَ maksudnya adalah orang-orang yang bersuci. Oleh karena itu tidak boleh menyentuh mushaf al Qur’an kecuali bagi orang-orang yang telah bersuci dari hadats besar atau kecil.

Mereka juga berdalil dengan hadits Abu Bakar bin Muhammad bin ‘Amr bin Hazm dari bapaknya dari kakeknya bahwasanya Nabi shallallahu’alaihi wa sallam menulis surat kepada penduduk Yaman dan di dalamnya terdapat perkataan:

لاَّ يَمَسُّ الْقُرْاَنَ إِلاَّ طَا هِرٌ

“Tidak boleh menyentuh Al Qur’an kecuali orang yang suci.” (Hadits Al Atsram dari Daruqutni)

Sanad hadits ini dho’if namun memiliki sanad-sanad lain yang menguatkannya sehingga menjadi shahih li ghairihi (Irwa’ul Ghalil I/158-161, no. 122)

Ulama yang membolehkan wanita haid menyentuh mushhaf Al Qur’an memberikan penjelasan sebagai berikut:

إِنَّهُ لَقُرْءَانٌ كَرِيْمٌ فِي كِتَابٍ مَّكْنُو نٍ لاَّ يَمَسَّهُ إِلاَّ الْمُطَهَّرُونَ تَتِريلٌ مِّن رَّبِّ الْعَا لَمِينَ

Artinya:
“Sesungguhnya Al qur’an ini adalah bacaan yang sangat mulia pada kitab yang terpelihara. Tidak menyentuhya kecuali (hamba-hamba) yang disucikan. Diturunkan oleh Robbul ‘Alamin.” (QS. Al Waqi’ah: 77-80)

Kata ganti ﻪ (-nya pada “Tidak menyentuhnya”) kembali kepada ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻜﻨﻮﻥ (Kitab yang terpelihara). Ibnu ‘Abbas, Jabir bin Zaid, dan Abu Nuhaik berkata, “(yaitu) kitab yang ada di langit”.

Adh Dhahhak berkata, “Mereka (orang-orang kafir) menyangka bahwa setan-setanlah yang menurunkan Al Qur’an kepada Muhammad shallallaahu’alaihi wa sallam, maka Allah memberitakan kepada mereka bahwa setan-setan tidak kuasa dan tidak mampu melakukannya.” (Tafsir Ath Thobari XI/659).

Mengenai ﺍﻟﻤُﻄَﻬَّﺮُﻭﻥَ menurut pendapat beberapa ulama, di antaranya:

1.Ibnu ‘Abbas berkata, “Adalah para malaikat. Demikian pula pendapat Anas, Mujahid, ‘Ikrimah, Sa’id bin Jubair, Adh Dhahhak, Abu Sya’tsa’ , Jabir bin Zaid, Abu Nuhaik, As Suddi, ‘Abdurrohman bin Zaid bin Aslam, dan selain mereka.” [Tafsir Ibnu Katsir (Terj.)]

2.Ibnu Zaid berkata, “yaitu para malaikat dan para Nabi. Para utusan (malaikat) yang menurunkan dari sisi Allah disucikan; para nabi disucikan; dan para rasul yang membawanya juga disucikan.” (Tafsir Ath Thobari XI/659)

Imam Asy Syaukani berkata dalam Nailul Author, Kitab Thoharoh, Bab Wajibnya Berwudhu Ketika Hendak Melaksanakan Sholat, Thowaf, dan Menyentuh Mushhaf: “Hamba-hamba yang disucikan adalah hamba yang tidak najis, sedangkan seorang mu’min selamanya bukan orang yang najis berdasarkan hadits:

الْمُؤْمِنُ لاَ يَنْجُسُ

“Orang mu’min itu tidaklah najis.” (Muttafaqun ‘alaih)

Maka tidak sah membawakan arti (hamba) yang disucikan bagi orang yang tidak junub, haid, orang yang berhadats, atau membawa barang najis. Akan tetapi, wajib untuk membawanya kepada arti: Orang yang tidak musyrik sebagaimana dalam firman Allah Ta’ala yang artinya, “Sesungguhnya orang-orang musyrik itu najis.” (QS. At Taubah: 28)

Di samping itu lafadz yang digunakan dalam ayat tersebut adalah dalam bentuk isim maf’ul-nya (orang-orang yang disucikan), bukan dalam bentuk isim fa’il (orang-orang yang bersuci). Tentu hal tersebut mengandung makna yang sangat berbeda.

Mengenai hadits “Tidak boleh menyentuh Al Qur’an kecuali orang yang suci”, Syaikh Nashiruddin Al Albani rahimahullah berkata, “Yang paling dekat -Wallahu a’lam- maksud “orang yang suci” dalam hadits ini adalah orang mu’min baik dalam keadaan berhadats besar, kecil, wanita haid, atau yang di atas badannya terdapat benda najis karena sabda beliau shallallahu’alaihi wa sallam: “Orang mu’min tidakah najis” dan hadits di atas disepakati keshahihannya. Yang dimaksudkan dalam hadits ini (yaitu hadits Tidak boleh menyentuh Al Qur’an kecuali orang yang suci) bahwasanya beliau melarang memberikan kuasa kepada orang musyrik untuk menyentuhnya, sebagaimana dalam hadits:

نَهَى أَنْ يُسَا فَرَ بِا لْقُرْانِ إِلَى أَرْضِ اْلعَدُو

“Beliau melarang perjalanan dengan membawa Al Qur’an menuju tanah musuh.” (Hadits riwayat Bukhori). (Dinukil dari Larangan-larangan Seputar Wanita Haid dari Tamamul Minnah, hal. 107).

Meski demikian, bagi seseorang yang berhadats kecil sedang ia ingin memegang mushaf untuk membacanya maka lebih baik dia berwudhu terlebih dahulu. Mush’ab bin Sa’ad bin Abi Waqash berkata, “Aku sedang memegang mushhaf di hadapan Sa’ad bin Abi Waqash kemudian aku menggaruk-garuk. Maka Sa’ad berkata, ‘Apakah engkau telah menyentuh kemaluanmu?’ Aku jawab, ‘Ya.’ Dia berkata, ‘Berdiri dan berwudhulah!’ Maka aku pun berdiri dan berwudhu kemudian aku kembali.” (Diriwayatkan oleh Imam Malik dalam Al Muwaththa’ dengan sanad yang shahih)

Ishaq bin Marwazi berkata, “Aku berkata (kepada Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal), ‘Apakah seseorang boleh membaca tanpa berwudhu terlebih dahulu?’ Beliau menjawab, ‘Ya, akan tetapi hendaknya dia tidak membaca pada mushhaf sebelum berwudhu”.

Ishaq bin Rahawaih berkata, “Benar yang beliau katakan, karena terdapat hadits yang dari Nabi shallallahu’alaihi wa sallam. Beliau bersabda, ‘Tidak boleh menyentuh Al Qur’an kecuali orang yang suci’ dan demikian pula yang diperbuat oleh para shahabat Nabi shallallahu’alaihi wa sallam.” (Dari Larangan-larangan Seputar Wanita Haid, dari Irwaul Gholil I/161 dari Masa’il Imam Ahmad hal. 5)

Abu Muhammad bin Hazm dalam Al Muhalla I/77 berkata, “Menyentuh mushhaf dan berdzikir kepada Allah merupakan ibadah yang diperbolehkan untuk dilakukan dan pelakunya diberi pahala. Maka barangsiapa yang melarang dari hal tersebut, maka ia harus mendatangkan dalil.” (Jami’ Ahkamin Nisa’ I/188).

Kesimpulan:
Wanita yang sedang haid diperbolehkan menyentuh mushhaf Al Qur’an karena tidak ada dalil yang jelas dan shohih yang melarang hal tersebut. Wallaahu Ta’ala A’lam.

Rujukan:

1.Larangan-larangan Seputar Wanita Haid, artikel Majalah As Sunnah 01/ IV/ 1420-1999, Abu Sholihah Muslim al Atsari.
2.Jami’ Ahkamin Nisa’, Syaikh Musthofa al ‘Adawi.
3.Tafsir Al Qur’an Al ‘Adziim (Terj. Tafsir Ibnu Katsir Jilid 8), Ibnu Katsir.

sumber : http://muslimah.or.id/fikih/hukum-seputar-darah-wanita-haid.html

regards, taniafdi ^_^

8/21/10

Kesibukan Para Malaikat di Surga.

Seseorang bercerita, aku bermimpi suatu hari aku pergi ke surga dan seorang malaikat menemaniku serta menunjukkan keadaan di surga.

Memasuki suatu ruang kerja yang penuh dengan para malaikat. Malaikat yang mengantarku berhenti di depan ruang kerja pertama dan berkata,"

Ini adalah Seksi Penerimaan.
Disini, semua permintaan yang ditujukan pada Allah, diterima".

Aku melihat-lihat sekeliling tempat ini dan aku dapati tempat ini begitu sibuk dengan begitu banyak malaikat yang memilah-milah seluruh permohonan yang tertulis pada kertas dari manusia di seluruh dunia.

Kemudian,....
aku dan malaikat-ku berjalan lagi melalui koridor yang panjang. lalu sampailah kami pada ruang kerja kedua.

Malaikat-ku berkata,
"Ini adalah Seksi Pengepakan dan Pengiriman.

Disini, kemuliaan dan rahmat yang diminta manusia diproses dan dikirim ke manusia-manusia yang masih hidup yang memintanya".

Aku perhatikan lagi betapa sibuknya ruang kerja itu. Ada banyak malaikat yang bekerja begitu keras karena ada begitu banyaknya permohonan yang dimintakan dan sedang dipaketkan untuk dikirim ke bumi.

Kami melanjutkan perjalanan lagi hingga sampai pada ujung terjauh koridor panjang tersebut dan berhenti pada sebuah pintu ruang kerja yang sangat kecil.
Yang sangat mengejutkan aku, hanya ada satu malaikat yang duduk disana, hampir tidak melakukan apapun.

"Ini adalah Seksi Pernyataan Terima Kasih", kata Malaikatku pelan. Dia tampak malu.
"Bagaimana ini? Mengapa hampir tidak ada pekerjaan disini?", tanyaku.

Menyedihkan", Malaikat-ku menghela napas. "Setelah manusia menerima rahmat yang mereka minta, sangat sedikit manusia yang mengirimkan pernyataan terima kasih".

"Bagaimana manusia menyatakan terima kasih atas Rahmat Tuhan?", tanyaku.
"Sederhana sekali", jawab Malaikat.
"Cukup berkata,
'ALHAMDULILLAHI RABBIL AALAMIIN, Terima kasih, Tuhan' ".
"Lalu, rahmat apa saja yang perlu kita syukuri?”, tanyaku.

Malaikat-ku menjawab,
"Jika engkau mempunyai makanan di lemari es, Pakaian yang menutup tubuhmu, atap di atas kepalamu dan tempat untuk tidur, Maka engkau lebih kaya dari 75% penduduk dunia ini.
"Jika engkau memiliki uang di bank, di dompetmu, dan uang-uang receh, maka engkau berada diantara 8% kesejahteraan dunia.
"Dan jika engkau mendapatkan pesan ini di komputermu,engkau adalah bagian dari 1% di dunia yang memiliki kesempatan itu.
Juga.... Jika engkau bangun pagi ini dengan lebih banyak kesehatan daripada kesakitan ... engkau lebih dirahmati daripada begitu banyak orang di dunia ini yang tidak dapat bertahan hidup hingga hari ini.
"[i]Jika engkau tidak pernah mengalami ketakutan dalam perang, kesepian dalam penjara, kesengsaraan penyiksaan, atau kelaparan yang amat sangat [/i]....Maka,engkau lebih beruntung dari 700 juta orang di dunia".
"Jika,........ engkau dapat menghadiri Masjid atau pertemuan religius tanpa ada ketakutan akan penyerangan, penangkapan, penyiksaan,atau kematian ... M a k a,....engkau lebih dirahmati daripada 3 milyar orang didunia.
"Jika,....orangtuamu masih hidup dan masih berada dalam ikatan pernikahan ... Maka,.....engkau termasuk orang yang sangat jarang.
"Jika engkau dapat menegakkan kepala dan tersenyum, maka,.....engkau bukanlah seperti orang kebanyakan, engkau unik dibandingkan emua mereka yang berada dalam keraguan dan keputusasaan.
"Jika,...engkau dapat membaca pesan ini, maka engkau menerima rahmat ganda yaitu bahwa seseorang yang mengirimkan ini padamu, berpikir bahwa engkau orang yang sangat istimewa baginya, dan bahwa, engkau lebih dirahmati daripada lebih dari 2 juta orang di dunia yang bahkan tidak dapat membaca sama sekali".

Nikmatilah hari-harimu, hitunglah rahmat yang telah Allah anugerahkan kepadamu.

Dan jika engkau berkenan, kirimkan pesan ini ke semua teman-temanmu untuk mengingatkan mereka betapa dirahmatiNya kita semua.

"Dan ingatlah tatkala Tuhanmu menyatakan bahwa, 'Sesungguhnya jika kamu bersyukur, pasti Aku akan menambahkan lebih banyak nikmat kepadamu' ".
(QS:Ibrahim (14) :7 )

regards, taniafdi ^_^

Triglyceride and Waist Measurements Predict Heart-Disease Risk

News Author: Sue Hughes

CME Author: Penny Murata, MD

Released: 07/23/2010; Valid for credit through 07/23/2011

July 23, 2010 — Using two simple and inexpensive measurements--triglycerides and waist circumference--can identify patients with intra-abdominal obesity who have an increased risk of coronary artery disease and can add value in detecting risk of heart disease when used with traditional risk models such as Framingham, a new study suggests [1].

The study, published online July 19, 2010 in the Canadian Medical Association Journal, was conducted by a team led by Dr Benoit Arsenault (l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, QC).

A Step Beyond Metabolic Syndrome?

Coauthor Dr Jean Pierre Després (l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec) told heartwire that he believes the combination of a large waist measurement plus high triglyceride level, termed the "hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype," is the next step beyond metabolic syndrome.

"We are not proposing that this is a new definition of metabolic syndrome. But we are suggesting that this is a new phenomenon beyond the metabolic syndrome that can identify individuals at increased risk of heart disease who may fall through the net if we just use traditional risk factors," he said.
 
Metabolic syndrome, a condition that is the subject of much argument over its relevance, is defined as having three of the following risk factors: increased waist circumference, elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, or elevated fasting glucose. The latter three risk factors are normally measured as part of traditional risk evaluations for heart disease, so Després is saying that the focus should therefore be on waist and triglycerides, which have now been shown to add value over and above traditional risk factors.
 
"These two simple measurements are the cheapest way of finding those people who are at risk from this lousy lifestyle we now lead--those with visceral obesity and related metabolic disorders. Because it is measuring the two components of the metabolic syndrome not captured by Framingham or other traditional risk scores, it is picking up the risk of metabolic syndrome not found by those traditional scores," he added.


In the paper, the authors explain that although obesity is a health hazard, not every obese person has the expected metabolic abnormalities associated with excess body fat, and these tend to occur more often in those people with an excess of intra-abdominal or visceral adipose tissue. They have previously proposed that waist circumference can be used as an easy measurement of intra-abdominal adiposity, with elevated triglyceride levels further identifying "dysfunctional" adipose tissue. They suggest that hypertriglyceridemia combined with an increased waistline could be a marker of lipid overflow resulting from a relative defect of adipose tissue to clear and store the excess triglycerides from overeating and lack of physical activity.

EPIC-Norfolk Study

In the current study, they report on the performance of this phenotype as a screening tool for coronary heart disease among participants in the EPIC-Norfolk study, a population-based study involving 25 668 men and women aged 45 to 79 years in Norfolk, UK, who completed a baseline questionnaire and attended a clinic visit.
 
The hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype was defined as a waist circumference of 90 cm or more and a triglyceride level of 2.0 mmol/L or more in men and a waist circumference of 85 cm or more and a triglyceride level of 1.5 mmol/L or more in women.


Coronary artery disease developed in 2109 participants during the study follow-up. Compared with participants who had a waist circumference and triglyceride level below the threshold, those with the hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype had higher blood pressure, higher levels of apolipoprotein B and C-reactive protein, lower levels of HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I, and smaller low-density lipoprotein particles.

Both men and women with the hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype had an increased risk of developing heart disease than those who did not have the phenotype, and this increase remained significant after researchers accounted for traditional risk factors.

Hazard Ratio for Heart Disease With Hypertriglyceridemic-Waist Phenotype

Group          Unadjusted HR (95% CI)     Adjusted* HR (95% CI)

Men             2.40 (2.02–2.87)                  1.28 (1.07–1.54)

Women        3.84 (3.20–4.62)                  1.67 (1.35–2.06)

*Adjusted for age, total cholesterol level, HDL, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, and presence of diabetes

Després believes the measurement of triglycerides and waist is particularly important to pick up patients who have normal traditional risk scores. "If they have hypertension or diabetes or raised cholesterol, they will be picked up with traditional methods, but we found in our study that patients with normal values on traditional risk scores had double or triple the risk of developing heart disease if they had hypertriglyceridemic waist. It is these people who are slipping through the net at the moment but can be easily identified with these two simple tests," he added.

References
1. Arsenault BJ, Lemieux I, Després JP, et al. The hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype and the risk of coronary artery disease: Results from the EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study. CMAJ 2010; DOI:10.1503/cmaj.091276. Available at: http://www.cmaj.ca.


Source : http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/725678?src=cmemp&uac=97984HK

regards, taniafdi ^_^

8/19/10

My Parents

us
that guys with green shirt.., screw this picture.., hiks hiks..











 
Foto ini diambil candid (alias tiba-tiba), lg duduk sendirian, trus meratiin papa-mama. Kok, asikk bener ngomongnya (ehem..ehem..), trus langsung di jepret (gotcha..!!). And, vooiilaaa..., jd deh.., lebih keren lg klo yg baju ijo itu disuruh minggir dulu.., T_T
 
regards, taniafdi ^_^

8/13/10

Harry Potter 7

Yeayyy..., it's HP7's times...., ini salah satu film yg kudu di tonton.., karena ini final alias akhir dr perjalanan Mr. Harpot. Nah, kebetulan filmnya di bagi jadi 2, satu di bulan November 2010 n satu lagi di tahun 2011 (masih lama.., hiks). Kalo diliat dari trailernya, kayanya visual effect yang disuguhkan cukup menjanjikan, dan alur cerita yang di adaptasi dr buku pas banget time-timenya... (maksudnya..., hal-hal keren yg digambarkan di buku, itu yang di adaptasi ke layar lebar). Mudah-mudahan potongan-potongan scenes yang ada di trailer ini ngga mengecewakan pas di filmnya..., ^_^





regards, taniafdi ^_^

8/11/10

News from Medical Update edisi Agustus 2010

Dulera sebagai Obat Baru untuk Asma.

FDA telah memberi persetujuan pemasaran obat kombinasi tetap dual action produksi Merck, yang mengandung kortikosteroid inhalasi dan agonis adrenoseptor-beta kerja panjang. Obat kombinasi mometasone firoate dan formoterol fumarate ini diindikasikan untuk memperbaiki fungsi paru pada pasien asma.
Obat kombinasi inhalasi ini diperbolehkan digunakan untuk pasien asma yang berusia 12 tahun atau lebih, dan dikontraindikasikan untuk mengobati bronkospasme akut. Sementara itu, obat ini sedang diteliti penggunannya untuk mengobati penyakit paru obstruktif kronik.



Induksi Persalinan lebih Efektif dengan Balon Foley yang diisi 60 mL.

Kateter transervikal Foley yang dipakai untuk induksi kelahiran dengan ujung balon ukuran 30 mL yang diisi 60 mL garam fisiologis, akan memberikan hasil lebih baik untuk proses persalinan dalam 12 jam, ketimbang mengisinya dengan 30 mL.
Dr. Shani Delaney dari University of Washington di Seattle, mengatakan bahwa uji klinis terdahulu yang dilakukan secara random membandingkan balon 30 mL dan 80 mL untuk fungsi ini, dan mendapatkan angka persalinan dalam 24 jam lebih tinggi dengan balon yang lebih besar, tetapi tidak ada laporan mengenai balon 30 mL yang dikembangkan menjadi volume yang bervariasi. Pada studi terandomisasi ini, para peneliti memakai kateter Bard 18-French Foley dengan ujung balon 30 mL yang diisi 30 atau 60 mL. Mereka memilih 192 perempuan dengan umur kehamilan, tinggi fundus uteri, dan kehamilan tunggal dengan skor Bishop < 5, mengindikasikan bahwa proses kelahiran tidak mungkin mulai tanpa induksi. Dalam 1/2 jam setelah kateter dipasang, diberi oxytocin. Tidak ada komplikasi yang berkaitan dengan peletakan atau pengembangan balon.
Hasil primer yaitu kelahiran dalam 24 jam, tidak berbeda antara kelompok 30 mL dan 60 mL. Tetapi setelah 12 jam, 25 perempuan pada kelompok 60 mL partus dan pada kelompok 30 mL 13 perempuan. Pelebaran serviks rata-rata adalah 4 cm pada kelompok 30 mL.

Sumber : Obstetrics & Gynecology 2010; 115: 1239-1245


regards, taniafdi ^_^

Sherlock from 221B Baker Street

Yuuuppp..., ini salah satu serial asing yg kudu di tonton.., ^^
Kenapa? krn alur ceritanya benar-benar sangat kreatif dan mendidik trus bikin wawasan lebih luas. Model ceritanya hampir mirip sieh dengan Sherlock Holmes yang movienya. Tentang detektif ternama London bernama Sherlock Holmes, yg konon katanya jago men-solving kasus-kasus yg ga tuntas ama polisi. Pemegang lisensi nya kebetulan stasiun BBC london (yg ga perlu dipertanyakan lagi kredibilitas nya di bidang tayangan drama bermutu). Pokoknya benar-benar di rekomendasiin deh buat yg pengen tontonan nya lebih beda, ber-adrenalin, yg suka serial2 detektifan n jauh dr kesan melodramatik. Benar-benar kudu nonton deh..., kalo saiah mah dari skala 1-5, kasih 4 buat nieh serial... ^^



regards, taniafdi ^_^

8/2/10

New Journals and News


CPR with Chest Compression Alone or with Rescue Breathing.



PSA Screening Leads to Aggressive Treatment, Even in Older Men at Low Risk.



regards, taniafdi ^_^

A Guide to Gaining Access to US Medical Residencies for Foreign Medical Graduates


Introduction

Graduates of foreign medical schools face a long, expensive process when they decide to pursue a residency program or fellowship in the United States. Aside from investigating programs, obtaining visas, and narrowing down specialties, candidates must obtain certification from the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG), the body that determines whether prospective students are equipped to enter US programs.
The ECFMG assesses a candidate's eligibility through a battery of tests and credentials checks, including the following:
  • Medical school diploma from a school and graduating year listed in the International Medical Education Directory (IMED);
  • United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 and Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) examinations; and
  • USMLE Step 2 Clinical Skills (CS) examination.
Collecting these documents to seek approval from the ECFMG is also often a prerequisite to obtaining a license to practice medicine in the United States.
Although the requirements might sound daunting, preparing well before the final year of medical school gives the candidate the best chance of getting into the right program at the right time. Studying for examinations and gathering the needed applications and certifications will ease the process. Moreover, factoring in the price of test preparation courses, photocopying, and postage and the time and expense involved in travel to test centers will help ensure a smoother, less stressful passage.


Application and Documentation

Before applying for the first test, candidates should know that one's medical school and graduation year must be listed in the IMED in order to qualify for ECFMG certification. Applicants must have, or anticipate receiving, 4 credit years: academic years for which credit has been given toward completion of the medical curriculum at an IMED school.
Submitting the application to schedule the USMLE Step 1 test marks the beginning of the certification process. The ECFMG is in charge of receiving and tracking all foreign applications, issuing each person an identification number that should be used in subsequent correspondence.
Applicants must first complete the ECFMG's online authentication process. Begin by visiting ECFMG's Overview of Online Services. The process consists of 2 parts: online application and authentication, followed by completion of either the Certification of Identification Form (Form 186) or the Certification Statement (Form 183).
For the online application, candidates will need access to a computer with a printer. In addition, they will need an e-mail address and either a valid credit card (Visa, MasterCard, or Discover) or a checking account at a US bank and a valid US driver's license or Social Security Number in order to pay the fee for the USMLE examination. They will also be asked to choose a period during which to schedule their examination.
The application requires information about clinical clerkships, as well as names and addresses of medical schools attended, attendance dates, and any credits that have been transferred to the medical school that awarded or will award the degree. Medical school graduates should be ready to provide their education credentials with this initial examination application. Those who are still students must send medical education credentials as soon as they graduate and receive their diplomas and transcripts.
Candidates have 14 days to complete the online application and examination fee. When the online application is complete and the fee paid, the system will generate the Certification of Identification Form (Form 186, which is for applicants enrolled in medical schools that participate in the ECFMG's Medical School Web Portal [EMSWP]) or the Certification Statement (Form 183, which is the paper certification for applicants who are students enrolled in medical schools that do not participate in EMSWP]). The forms must be completed by the candidate and an authorized official of the candidate's medical school or a consular official, first class magistrate, notary public, or commissioner of oaths.
Recent graduates who have not yet received their diplomas require a certificate from the dean, vice-dean, or registrar of their medical school, stating that all of the requirements to receive the diploma have been met and the date on which the diploma will be issued.
Along with the certification forms, students and graduates must be ready to turn in 2 copies of a diploma and 1 full-face, passport-sized color photograph. The ECFMG will also request transcripts from one's medical school, translated into English.
When the completed the application has been received, the candidate will be issued a USMLE/ECFMG number. Candidates can use their USMLE/ECFMG number to register for other tests and to check their status at the USMLE's Interactive Web Application.

USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK

USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK are computer-based multiple-choice examinations. They must be taken at Prometric examination centers, which are located worldwide. For 2010, the base fee for Step 1 is $740; it is also $740 for Step 2 CK. Additional charges will vary by country. For more information, please check ECFMG's International Test Delivery Fee Surcharges chart.
Information on where to take the test can be found at these links:
Europe, Middle East, and Africa:http://www.prometric.com/USMLE/EMEAAP.htm
Step 1 tests applicants on anatomy; behavioral sciences; biochemistry; microbiology; pathology; pharmacology; physiology; and interdisciplinary areas, including genetics, aging, immunology, nutrition, and molecular and cell biology.
Beginning in May 2010, Step 1 will be divided into 7 blocks with a total of 336 questions. Participants are allotted 1 hour to complete each block. The minimum passing score for Step 1 is 188.
Step 2 is divided into 8- to 60-minute blocks and has a total of 352 questions. The test takes 9 hours, with a 45-minute break. The minimum passing score is 184. Step 2 requires interpretation of tables and laboratory data; imaging studies; photographs of gross and microscopic pathologic specimens; and results of other diagnostic studies in internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, preventive medicine, psychiatry, surgery, and other areas relevant to provision of care under supervision.
Most Step 2 CK test items describe clinical situations and require that test-takers provide 1 or more of the following: a diagnosis; a prognosis; an indication of underlying mechanisms of disease; and the next step in medical care, including preventive measures.
Familiarity with the format of the examination and the subject matter is key. Visiting the USMLE Web site will give applicants a good overview of the depth and breadth of the test, but online preparation courses may be wise investments.

Step 2 CS

The USMLE Step 2 CS examination tests students and graduates on their ability to collect information from a live patient, perform physical examinations, and communicate these findings to patients and colleagues. The test simulates a physical examination, using actors who are trained to portray real patients. The test can be taken only in the United States at 1 of the 5 Clinical Skills Evaluation Centers, located in Atlanta, Georgia; Chicago, Illinois; Houston, Texas; Los Angeles, California, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The Clinical Skills test looks at a candidate's ability in 3 major areas: the integrated clinical encounter, communication and interpersonal skills, and proficiency in English. In the integrated clinical encounter, candidates are evaluated on data gathering (taking a history and conducting a physical examination) and documentation (making notes and summarizing the encounter, diagnostic impression, and work-up). In the communication and interpersonal skills component, evaluators assess the candidate's questioning skills, information-sharing skills, and professional manner and rapport. Finally, evaluators assess the foreign medical graduate's English-language skills in the context of a physician-patient encounter.
Step 2 CS is graded on a pass/fail basis. The fee for the examination is $1295.
When all medical school documents have been received, fees paid, and examinations passed, the ECFMG will issue applicants a paper certificate. For those who have applied to residency programs through the Electronic Residency Application Service, updates will be transmitted automatically to the candidate's program.
As can be seen, obtaining ECFMG certification can be an expensive, complicated process. However, those committed to furthering their studies through a residence program or fellowship in the United States will find it easier if they keep these points in mind:
  1. Begin thinking and planning well before the final year of medical school.
  2. Set aside time for study and at least $2775 US for test fees (see http://www.ecfmg.org/fees.html for a list of fees for commonly encountered ECFMG services).
  3. Become familiar with the structure and subject of tests.
  4. Write to ECFMG for updated information, or visit their Web site.



regards, taniafdi ^_^

8/31/10

Switching Protein Sources May Reduce CHD Risk

News Author: Reed Miller

CME Author: Charles P. Vega, MD
Released: 08/19/2010; Valid for credit through 08/19/2011
 
August 19, 2010 — Data from more than 84 000 women over 26 years suggest that shifting dietary protein sources away from red meat to more poultry, fish, and nuts can reduce an individual's risk of coronary heart disease [1].

Dr Adam Bernstein (Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA) and colleagues analyzed data from 26 years of follow-up from 84 136 women, aged 30 to 55 years, in the Nurses' Health Study. Their results are published online August 16, 2010 in Circulation. The patients enrolled in the study had no known cancer, diabetes mellitus, angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, or other cardiovascular disease. Their diet was tracked with a standard questionnaire every 4 years. During 26 years of follow-up, 2210 incident nonfatal infarctions and 952 deaths from coronary heart disease were reported.

A multivariable analysis of diet and traditional risk factors, like age and smoking, shows that consumption of red meat and high-fat dairy were significantly associated with an elevated risk of coronary heart disease, whereas higher intakes of poultry, fish, and nuts were significantly associated with lower risk.

A statistical model controlling for total intake of calories, cereal fiber, alcohol, trans-unsaturated fatty acids, and other potential nondietary confounding variables, shows that one serving per day of nuts was associated with a 30% lower risk of coronary disease than one serving per day of red meat. The same one-serving exchange comparison found a 13% lower risk with low-fat dairy, a 19% lower risk with poultry, and a 24% lower risk with fish.

The latest analysis from the Nurses' Health Study affirms the findings from 14 years and 16 years of follow-up, and red meat continues to be significantly related to coronary disease risk, independent of measured confounders and known intermediate outcomes.

The authors also found a link between total meat intake and coronary disease risk, likely driven by the high proportion of red meat in the total meat intake, but the strong association between red meat and coronary disease cannot be entirely explained by the intake of processed meat, because red meat remained associated with coronary disease even when processed meat was excluded. However, a recent study by Dr Renata Micha (Harvard School of Public Health, Boston) found that eating unprocessed red meat did not increase the risk of coronary heart disease or diabetes, but eating 50 g of processed meat per day was associated with a 42% higher risk of CHD and a 19% increased risk of diabetes, most likely because of the volume of sodium and other preservatives.

The authors recall that dietary iron--particularly the heme iron found in red meat--has been positively associated with myocardial infarction and fatal coronary disease in most, but not all, previous studies. The effect of heme iron on systolic blood pressure, the high sodium content of processed meats, and the compounds created by cooking red meat, such as heterocyclic amines and advanced glycation end-products, might also increase coronary risk.

Bernstein et al cite a recent meta-analysis by Dr Dariush Mozaffarian (Harvard University, Boston) and colleagues, showing that reducing saturated fat did not reduce coronary risk, but replacing saturated fats with polyunsaturated fats significantly reduced the risk of coronary heart disease.

"When major sources of protein, such as nuts and fish, are used to replace red meat, saturated fat, heme iron, and sodium decrease, whereas intake of polyunsaturated fat increases. The benefit on CHD risk of such a substitution is thus likely to be due to multiple simultaneous changes in nutrient intake," Bernstein et al conclude.

References

1. Bernstein A, Sun Q, Hu F, et al. Major dietary protein sources and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Circulation 2010; DOI:10.1161/circulationaha.109.915165. Available at http://circ.ahajournals.org/.


source : http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/727146?src=cmemp&uac=97984HK

regards, taniafdi ^_^

Reminder Systems May Reduce Inpatient Catheter Use and Associated Urinary Tract Infections

News Author: Laurie Barclay, MD

CME Author: Désirée Lie, MD, MSEd
Released: 08/23/2010; Valid for credit through 08/23/2011
 
August 23, 2010 — Reminder systems may reduce catheter-associated urinary infections (CAUTIs) and catheter use in hospitalized patients, according to the results of a systematic review and meta-analysis reported in the September 1 issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases.

"Prolonged catheterization is the primary risk factor for ...CAUTI," write Jennifer Meddings, from University of Michigan and Ann Arbor VA Medical Center, and colleagues. "Reminder systems are interventions used to prompt the removal of unnecessary urinary catheters. To summarize the effect of urinary catheter reminder systems on the rate of CAUTI, urinary catheter use, and the need for recatheterization, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis."

The reviewers identified studies by searching MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Biosis, the Web of Science, EMBASE, and CINAHL through August 2008. Inclusion criteria were interventional studies using reminders to physicians or nurses that a urinary catheter was in use or stop orders to prompt catheter removal in hospitalized adults. Of 6679 citations identified, 118 articles were reviewed, and 14 studies met selection criteria.

Use of a reminder or stop order was associated with a 52% decrease in the rate of CAUTI episodes per 1000 catheter-days (rate ratio, 0.48; P < .001) and a 37% reduction in the mean duration of catheterization. Compared with the control group, the intervention group had 2.61 fewer days of catheterization per patient. Overall, the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) in the duration of catheterization was -1.11 (P = .070). Studies using a stop order showed a statistically significant decrease in the duration of catheterization (SMD, -0.30; P = .001), whereas those that used a reminder did not (SMD, -1.54; P = .071). Control and intervention groups had similar rates of recatheterization.

"[I]nterventions to routinely prompt physicians or nurses to remove unnecessary urinary catheters significantly decrease the rate of CAUTI, and no evidence indicates that these interventions increase the need for recatheterization," the study authors write. "Urinary catheter reminders and stop orders have the potential to improve patient safety by changing the default status of urinary catheters from persistent use to timely removal."

Limitations of this study include only 1 randomized controlled trial identified; and heterogeneity of the included studies in the populations investigated, details of the reminder and stop-order interventions, follow-up duration, and inclusion and exclusion criteria.

"Given the large burden of CAUTI, it is surprising that only ~1 in 10 US hospitals use reminders or stop orders", the study authors conclude. We hope that our results will encourage more hospitals to adopt reminders or stop orders as low-cost interventions that enhance patient safety."

Dr. Meddings receives assistance from the National Institutes of Health Clinical Loan Repayment Program for 2009-2010. The senior study author (Dr. Sanjay Saint) is currently supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the National Institute of Nursing Research. He is also a faculty consultant for the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) on the IHI catheter-associated urinary tract infection expedition and during the past 5 years has received honoraria from the VHA and numerous individual hospitals, academic medical centers, and professional societies.

The content of the journal article is solely the responsibility of the study authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Veterans Affairs, or the University of Michigan Health System. The other study authors have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:550-560. Abstract

The Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee's (HICPAC) Guideline for Prevention of Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections, 2009 is available online.
 
source : http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/727279?src=cmemp&uac=97984HK
 
regards, taniafdi ^_^

Tai Chi May Be Useful to Treat Fibromyalgia

News Author: Laurie Barclay, MD

CME Author: Charles P. Vega, MD
Released: 08/19/2010; Valid for credit through 08/19/2011

August 19, 2010 — Tai chi may be a helpful intervention for patients with fibromyalgia, according to the results of a single-blind, randomized trial reported in the August 19 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.

"Previous research has suggested that tai chi offers a therapeutic benefit in patients with fibromyalgia," write Chenchen Wang, MD, MPH, from Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston, Massachusetts, and colleagues. "...[Tai chi] combines meditation with slow, gentle, graceful movements, as well as deep breathing and relaxation, to move vital energy (or qi) throughout the body. It is considered a complex, multicomponent intervention that integrates physical, psychosocial, emotional, spiritual, and behavioral elements."

Fibromyalgia was defined by American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria. Participants (n = 66) were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive classic Yang-style tai chi or a control intervention consisting of wellness education and stretching. In both groups, participants received 60-minute sessions twice weekly for 12 weeks.

Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) score (ranging from 0 - 100) at the end of 12 weeks was the main study outcome, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms. Secondary outcomes were summary scores on the physical and mental components of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey. To assess durability of the response, these tests were performed again at 24 weeks.

Improvements in the FIQ total score and quality of life in the tai chi group were clinically important. For this group, mean baseline and 12-week FIQ scores were 62.9 ± 15.5 and 35.1 ± 18.8, respectively, vs 68.0 ± 11 and 58.6 ± 17.6, respectively, in the control group. The mean between-group difference from baseline in the tai chi group vs the control group was −18.4 points (P < .001).

The tai chi group also fared better than the wellness intervention group in physical component scores of the Short-Form Health Survey (28.5 ± 8.4 and 37.0 ± 10.5 for the tai chi group vs 28.0 ± 7.8 and 29.4 ± 7.4 for the control group; between-group difference, 7.1 points; P = .001) and mental component scores (42.6 ± 12.2 and 50.3 ± 10.2 vs 37.8 ± 10.5 and 39.4 ± 11.9, respectively; between-group difference, 6.1 points; P = .03).

These improvements were still present at 24 weeks (FIQ score between-group difference, −18.3 points; P < .001), with no reported adverse events.

Limitations of this study include lack of double blinding, lack of generalizability because treatment was delivered by a single tai chi master at a single center, and follow-up limited to 24 weeks.

"In conclusion, our preliminary findings indicate that tai chi may be a useful treatment in the multidisciplinary management of fibromyalgia," the study authors write. "Longer-term studies involving larger clinical samples are warranted to assess the generalizability of our findings and to deepen our understanding of this promising therapeutic approach."

The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, the American College of Rheumatology Research and Education Foundation Health Professional Investigator Award, and the Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center Research Career Development Award supported this study. The contents of the journal article are solely the responsibility of the study authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine or the National Institutes of Health. Disclosure forms provided by the study authors are available with the full text of the original article here .

N Engl J Med. 2010;363:743-754.


regards, taniafdi ^_^

Grandparents


My mother's parents. Hwaa..., opa ama oma lagi ngapain nieh.., so sweet..., udh lama banget fotonya. Sepertinya lokasinya di kapal. ^^


My beloved Opa, i wish my grandpa still here..., with us.. T_T, best person n really inspiring. N the best mantri i ever seen..


My father's parents.., ^^. Inyik n nenek bidan..., : ))

regards, taniafdi ^_^

8/29/10

Untuk Dikenang ^^


regards, taniafdi ^_^

The L O M O

Hmm... suka juga jadinya...

HOLGA.






Hasil gambar HOLGA.

DIANA.



Hasil gambar DIANA.

LOMOGRAPHY.




LOMOGRAPHY UNDERWATER.






Click picture for more size and URL information.

regards, taniafdi ^_^

8/27/10

Pathologic Internet Use by Teens Linked to Increased Depression Risk

News Author: Pam Harrison
CME Author: Charles P. Vega, MD

Released: 08/10/2010; Valid for credit through 08/10/2011



August 10, 2010 — Young people who are initially free of mental health problems but who use the Internet pathologically are at risk for depression as a consequence of their addictive Internet use, new research suggests.
Lawrence Lam, PhD, School of Medicine, Sydney, and the University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia, and colleagues performed a prospective study in which they showed that students who used the Internet pathologically at baseline were 2.3 times as likely to experience depression at 9-month follow-up compared with students who did not exhibit pathologic Internet use.
"After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the relative risk for depression for those who used the Internet pathologically was two and half times...that of the group who did not," they write. After taking baseline risk for controls into account, those who used the Internet pathologically were 1.5 times more likely to have experienced depression at follow-up than controls, they add.
In contrast, pathologic Internet use did not affect the risk of anxiety among the same survey cohort.
The study was published online August 2 in the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine.
"There are many possible explanations for the link between pathological Internet use and depression — one obvious explanation being lack of sleep, which is very common among problematic Internet users," Dr. Lam toldMedscape Medical News. Young people may also be more "reactive" toward the contents of the Internet, particularly those who are involved in "gaming," he added.
"A lot of these games are highly competitive and mostly the players are playing against other competitors, [so] failure in game-playing is as real as failure in other parts of their lives," said Dr. Lam. "But these are only educated hypotheses; we still need much further research into possible reasons or explanation."
Primary Use for Entertainment
The study was performed on a sample of 1618 students who were attending high school in Guangzhou, Southeast China, in July 2008. The sample consisted mainly of adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16 years, with a mean age of 15 years. There was an even distribution between males and females and between urban and nonurban schools, although more families resided in the city (73%).
Anxiety was measured using the Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale, depression by the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale, and pathologic use of the Internet by the Internet Addiction Test, also known as Young's Internet Addiction Scale. The Internet Addiction Scale contains questions that reflect typical behaviors of addiction, including, "How often do you feel depressed, moody, or nervous when you are off-line, which goes away once you are back on-line?"
Results showed that most respondents (93.6%) were "normal" Internet users, whereas 6.2% exhibited "moderate" pathologic use. Only 2 users (0.2%) of the cohort exhibited severely pathologic Internet use.
Approximately half of respondents (45.5%) used the Internet for entertainment, whereas about 28% used the Internet for information and knowledge and roughly similar numbers to communicate with school mates, making friends, and avoiding boredom.
"Young people who used the Internet pathologically were more likely to use it for entertainment and less likely to use it for information, and at the 9-month follow-up, 8 students (0.2%) were classified as having significant anxiety symptoms and 87 (8.4%) scored higher than the cutoff of 50 on the depression scale."
Table. Adjusted Ratio Ratios (95% CIs) of Anxiety and Depression
Pathologic Internet UseAnxietyDepression
Severe/moderate1.0 (0.2 – 6.8)2.5 (1.3 – 4.3)
Normal1.01.0
CI = confidence interval
Mental Health Implications
According to the study authors, findings from the study have important preventive mental health implications for young people. According to a recent meta-analysis, screening at-risk adolescents can be effectively performed in the school setting, and a number of screening instruments for depression have already been used in many studies — suggesting that schoolchildren can be successfully screened for early signs of depression. Those who are identified as "at risk" for depression on initial screening then may go on to receive a clinical diagnosis and treatment, said Dr. Lam.
"Early intervention and prevention that targets at-risk groups with identified risk factors is effective in reducing the burden of depression among young people," the investigators write.
Internet Research Still in Its Infancy
Dimitri Christakis, MD, MPH, University of Washington, Seattle, told Medscape Medical News that research on problematic Internet use is still in its infancy in part because science has not been able to keep up with all of the various forms of activities that keep people on line.
"That said, there is growing evidence that pathological Internet use is a real entity...somewhat like problematic gambling, another form of nonpharmacological behavioral addiction, and as we see in problematic gambling, there is a link between problematic Internet usage and mental health," he said.
However, that link is almost certainly not unidirectional when it comes to pathologic Internet use but rather a "vicious cycle" where problematic Internet use increases social isolation and withdrawal, which leads to even more problematic Internet use, etc.
"People who are susceptible to depression are already more prone to social isolation and withdrawal and therefore more likely to develop problematic Internet usage because the Internet provides an outlet for them," Dr. Christakis observed. "So the findings from the study are highly plausible, and because it was longitudinal and adjusted for baseline levels of depression and Internet use, the findings are both novel and robust."
The study authors and Dr. Christakis have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Published online August 2, 2010.

source : http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/726625?src=cmemp&uac=97984HK


regards, taniafdi ^_^

Nebulized 3% Saline Without Adjunctive Bronchodilators May Be Safe for Bronchiolitis

News Author: Laurie Barclay, MD
CME Author: Désirée Lie, MD, MSEd

Released: 08/16/2010; Valid for credit through 08/16/2011



August 16, 2010 — Nebulized hypertonic 3% saline solution without adjunctive bronchodilators has a low rate of adverse events in infants younger than 2 years with bronchiolitis, according to the results of a retrospective cohort study reported online August 16 in Pediatrics.
"Multiple studies evaluated nebulized hypertonic saline solution as a therapy for viral bronchiolitis in young children," write Shawn Ralston, MD, from University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, and colleagues. "However, the available studies combined hypertonic saline solution with some form of bronchodilator because of theoretical concerns that hypertonic saline solution may cause bronchospasm.... This is the first study to investigate systematically the risk of bronchospasm or other significant adverse effects with hypertonic saline solution administered without bronchodilators for viral bronchiolitis."
The objective of the study was to assess the rate of adverse events for nebulized, 3% hypertonic saline solution given without bronchodilators to children younger than 2 years who were hospitalized with the primary diagnosis of bronchiolitis at a single academic medical center. The investigators reviewed medical charts for use of nebulized 3% saline solution, related adverse events, respiratory distress scores, timing of bronchodilator use relative to saline administration, transfer to higher-level care, and readmission within 72 hours after discharge.
The study authors used the phrase “without adjunctive bronchodilator” to indicate that the dose of 3% saline solution was administered without prior administration of a bronchodilator within 4 hours and without administration of a bronchodilator in the 4 hours immediately following the saline dose.
Of 444 total doses of 3% saline solution given, 377 doses (85%) were given without adjunctive bronchodilators, resulting in 4 adverse events (adverse event rate, 1.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3% - 2.8%). In general, adverse events were mild except for 1 episode of bronchospasm (rate, 0.3%; 95% CI, < 0.01% - 1.6%).
"The use of 3% saline solution without adjunctive bronchodilators for inpatients with bronchiolitis had a low rate of adverse events in our center," the study authors write.
Limitations of this study include possible overreporting or underreporting of adverse events, retrospective design, possibly incomplete data, and lack of data regarding the efficacy of 3% saline solution.
"Additional clinical trials of 3% saline solution in bronchiolitis should evaluate the effectiveness of 3% saline solution in the absence of adjunctive bronchodilators, because these medications are not routinely indicated in bronchiolitis, on the basis of current evidence," the study authors conclude.
The study authors have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Pediatrics. Published online August 16, 2010.

source : http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/726941?src=cmemp&uac=97984HK

regards, taniafdi ^_^

8/25/10

All from vegetables

Seorang seniman asal China bernama Ju Duoqi mencoba membuat lukisan yang berasal atau berbahan dasar dari sayur-sayuran..., hasilnya benar-benar mengesankan.. ^^




regards, taniafdi ^_^

Di Istana Schwetzingen Berdiri Masjid yang Indah



REPUBLIKA.CO.ID, JAKARTA--Sejarah mencatat, pada zaman Turki Utsmani (1300-1922), penyebaran Islam sudah masuk ke kawasan benua Eropa saat ini. Namun, Islam sendiri baru masuk Jerman pada tahun 1700-1800, diperkenalkan oleh para imigran asal Turki. Sehingga tidak mengherankan jika komunitas Muslim di Jerman kebanyakan adalah orang-orang keturunan Turki.

Perkembangan Islam di negara ini cukup pesat. Pada 1989, sensus yang dilakukan suatu organisasi Islam mencatat sekitar 10 ribu orang Jerman asli memeluk Islam. Pada 2006, jumlah penduduk Muslim di Jerman mencapai 3,3 juta jiwa atau sekitar empat persen dari populasi penduduk Jerman.

Dengan perkembang yang cukup pesat ini, sampai sekarang terdapat sekitar 2.500 masjid di Jerman, dan hanya 160 yang dikenal luas. Kendati demikian, tren pembangunan masjid baru di negeri ini sedang meningkat. Sedikitnya ada 200 masjid yang tengah dikonstruksi saat ini.
Keberadaan bangunan masjid di Jerman sudah ada sejak akhir abad ke-18. Tepatnya di Kota Schwetzingen, masjid pertama di Jerman dibangun. Pada 1740, Raja Frederick II, pemegang kekaisaran Roma dan Raja Yerusalem dan Sicilia berkata, ''Semua agama adalah sama dan baik, jika orang-orang yang memeluknya jujur, dan bila Turki datang kemari dan ingin tinggal di negara ini, maka kita akan dirikan bagi mereka masjid-masjid.''

Bangunan masjid pertama di Jerman ini cukup unik, karena lokasinya yang berada di dalam kompleks Istana Schwetzingen. Masjid Schwetzingen dibangun untuk menghormati toleransi. Tetapi tidak sedikit isu sejarah yang beredar di kalangan masyarakat Schwetzingen menyebutkan bahwa masjid ini sengaja dibangun sebagai hadiah bagi salah satu istri raja yang berasal dari Turki dan beragama Islam.

Desas-desus lain yang juga berkembang luas di tengah masyarakat adalah bahwa salah satu bangsawan yang hidup di sini pada masa itu ada yang Muslim. Sayangnya, bangunan masjid ini sekarang tidak lagi digunakan sebagai tempat shalat. Kini, Masjid Schwetzingen hanya difungsikan sebagai bangunan bersejarah dan objek wisata, seperti halnya bangunan lainnya yang berada di dalam kompleks Istana Schwetzingen. Kecuali hari Senin, bangunan Masjid Schwetzingen terbuka bagi kunjungan masyarakat umum.

Dirancang dan dibangun pada tahun 1779 oleh arsitek berkebangsaan Perancis Nicolas de Pigage (1723-1796). Proses pembangunan kompleks Masjid Schwetzingen sendiri memakan waktu lima belas tahun lamanya (1779-1796).
Masjid Schwetzingen merupakan bangunan terbesar pertama yang mengedepankan gaya arsitektur oriental di sebuah negeri berbahasa Jerman. Pigage menggabungkan elemen-elemen dari arsitektur Islam Moor dengan eksotisme dari kisah-kisah dongeng Seribu Satu Malam.

Tak hanya sebatas itu. Oleh sang arsitek, Masjid Schwetzingen juga dirancang dan dibangun dengan menggunakan konsep taman. Karenanya masjid ini menjadi masjid taman pertama yang dibangun pada abad ke-18, dan hingga kini masih berdiri megah di kawasan Eropa. Taman yang berada di sekeliling bangunan masjid mengadopsi konsep taman-taman di Turki.

Pesona arsitektur Timur secara jelas sudah bisa ditangkap manakala pengunjung melihat bagian luar dari bangunan Masjid Schwetzingen. Pengaruh arsitektur Timur ini semakin tampak jelas, saat memasuki bagian tengah masjid, yang berbentuk kubah bundar, yang diapit oleh ruangan-ruangan berbentuk persegi. Gaya oriental juga tampak kental pada interior masjid, dengan penggunaan mosaik marmer pada lantai di ruang bagian tengah.

Bagian langit-langit masjid dihiasi dengan ornamen dari bahan plesteran. Di bagian tengah bangunan masjid ini terdapat ruangan khusus bagi para imam masjid. Keberadaan ruang khusus ini semakin memperkuat kesan bahwa bangunan ini pada masa lalu pernah difungsikan sebagai tempat ibadah.

Sedangkan permukaan dinding masjid bagian dalam dihiasi dengan lukisan dan sepuhan emas. Kutipan ayat-ayat Alquran bisa kita jumpai pada permukaan dinding masjid bagian luar dan di langit-langit kubah. Untuk mencapai bagian teras depan masjid, kita harus melewati sejumlah tiang pilar yang dari kejauhan tampak terlihat seperti memainkan siluet bayangan dan cahaya secara bergantian.

Seperti bangunan masjid lainnya yang dibangun pada masa pemerintahan Turki Utsmani, Masjid Schwetzingen juga dilengkapi dengan bangunan menara. Menara tersebut menghiasi kedua sisi bangunan masjid. Namun, sayangnya menara Masjid Schwetzingen ini tertutup bagi kunjungan wisatawan. Pengunjung tidak diperbolehkan untuk menaiki anak tangga yang menuju ke puncak menara.


regards, taniafdi ^_^

8/23/10

Hukum Seputar Darah Wanita: HAID

Penulis: Ummu Hamzah


Muroja’ah: Ustadz Abu ‘Ukkasyah Aris Munandar

Pada tulisan yang telah lalu telah dibahas mengenai hal-hal yang diharomkan bagi wanita haid. Pada tulisan bagian kedua ini, akan dipaparkan tiga permasalahan penting terkait wanita haid, yaitu mengenai boleh tidaknya wanita haid masuk ke dalam masjid serta menyentuh dan membaca Al Qur’an.

Bolehkah seorang wanita yang sedang haid masuk dan duduk di dalam masjid ?

Sebagian ulama melarang seorang wanita masuk dan duduk di dalam masjid dengan dalil:
لاَأُحِلُّ الْمَسْجِدُ ِلحَائِضٍُ وَلا َجُنُبٍ

“Aku tidak menghalalkan masjid untuk wanita yang haidh dan orang yang junub.” (Diriwayatkan oleh Abu Daud no.232, al Baihaqi II/442-443, dan lain-lain)

Akan tetapi hadits di atas merupakan hadits dho’if (lemah) meski memiliki beberapa syawahid (penguat) namun sanad-sanadnya lemah sehingga tidak bisa menguatkannya dan tidak dapat dijadikan hujjah. Syaikh Albani -rahimahullaah- telah menjelaskan hal tersebut dalam ‘Dho’if Sunan Abi Daud’ no. 32 serta membantah ulama yang menshahihkan hadits tersebut seperti Ibnu Khuzaimah, Ibnu al Qohthon, dan Asy Syaukani. Beliau juga menyebutkan ke-dho’if-an hadits ini dalam Irwa’ul Gholil’ I/201-212 no. 193.

Berikut ini sebagian dalil yang digunakan oleh ulama yang membolehkan seorang wanita haid duduk di masjid (Jami’ Ahkamin Nisa’ I/191-192):

1.Adanya seorang wanita hitam yang tinggal di dalam masjid pada zaman Nabi shallallahu’alaihi wa sallam. Namun tidak ada dalil yang menyatakan bahwa Nabi shallallahu’alaihi wa sallam memerintahkannya untuk meninggalkan masjid ketika ia mengalami haidh.

2.Sabda Nabi shallallahu’alaihi wa sallam kepada ‘Aisyah radhiyallahu’anha, “Lakukanlah apa yang bisa dilakukan oleh orang yang berhaji selain thowaf di Baitullah.” Larangan thowaf ini dikarenakan thowaf di Baitullah termasuk sholat, maka wanita itu hanya dilarang untuk thowaf dan tidak dilarang masuk ke dalam masjid. Apabila orang yang berhaji diperbolehkan masuk masjid, maka hal tersebut juga diperbolehkan bagi seorang wanita yang haidh.

Kesimpulan:
Wanita yang sedang haid diperbolehkan masuk dan duduk di dalam masjid karena tidak ada dalil yang jelas dan shohih yang melarang hal tersebut. Namun, hendaknya wanita tersebut menjaga diri dengan baik sehingga darahnya tidak mengotori masjid.

Bolehkah seorang wanita yang sedang haid membaca Al Qur’an (dengan hafalannya) ?

Sebagian ulama berpendapat bahwa wanita yang haid dilarang untuk membaca Al Qur’an (dengan hafalannya) dengan dalil:

لاَ تَقرَأِ الْحَا ءضُ َوَلاََ الْجُنُبُ شَيْئًا مِنَ الْقُرْانِ

“Orang junub dan wanita haid tidak boleh membaca sedikitpun dari Al Qur’an.” (Diriwayatkan oleh Imam Tirmidzi I/236; Al Baihaqi I/89 dari Isma’il bin ‘Ayyasi dari Musa bin ‘Uqbah dari Nafi’ dari Ibnu ‘Umar)

Al Baihaqi berkata, “Pada hadits ini perlu diperiksa lagi. Muhammad bin Ismail al Bukhari menurut keterangan yang sampai kepadaku berkata, ‘Sesungguhnya yang meriwayatkan hadits ini adalah Isma’il bin Ayyasi dari Musa bin ‘Uqbah dan aku tidak tahu hadits lain yang diriwayatkan, sedangkan Isma’il adalah munkar haditsnya (apabila) gurunya berasal dari Hijaz dan ‘Iraq’.”

Al ‘Uqaili berkata, “Abdullah bin Ahmad berkata, ‘Ayahku (Imam Ahmad) berkata, ‘Ini hadits bathil. Aku mengingkari hadits ini karena adanya Ismail bin ‘Ayyasi’ yaitu kesalahannya disebabkan oleh Isma’il bin ‘Ayyasi’.”

Syaikh Al Albani berkata, “Hadits ini diriwayatkan dari penduduk Hijaz maka hadits ini dhoif.” (Diringkas dari Larangan-larangan Seputar Wanita Haid dari Irwa’ul Gholil I/206-210)

Kesimpulan dari komentar para imam ahli hadits mengenai hadits di atas adalah sanad hadits tersebut lemah sehingga tidak dapat digunakan sebagai dalil untuk melarang wanita haid membaca Al Qur’an.

Hadits dari ‘Aisyah radhiyallahu’anha beliau berkata, “Aku datang ke Mekkah sedangkan aku sedang haidh. Aku tidak melakukan thowaf di Baitullah dan (sa’i) antara Shofa dan Marwah. Saya laporkan keadaanku itu kepada Rasulullah shallallahu’alaihi wa sallam, maka beliau bersabda, ‘Lakukanlah apa yang biasa dilakukan oleh haji selain thowaf di Baitullah hingga engkau suci’.” (Hadits riwayat Imam Bukhori no. 1650)

Seorang yang melakukan haji diperbolehkan untuk berdzikir dan membaca Al Qur’an. Maka, kedua hal tersebut juga diperbolehkan bagi seorang wanita yang haid karena yang terlarang dilakukan oleh wanita tersebut -berdasar hadits di atas- hanyalah thowaf di Baitullah. (Jami’ Ahkamin Nisa’ I/183)

Kesimpulan:
Wanita yang sedang haid diperbolehkan untuk berdzikir dan membaca Al Qur’an karena tidak ada dalil yang jelas dan shohih dari Rasulullah shallallahu’alaihi wa sallam yang melarang hal tersebut. Wallahu Ta’ala a’lam.

Bolehkah seorang wanita yang sedang haid menyentuh mushhaf Al Qur’an ?

Telah terjadi perselisihan pendapat di kalangan ulama. Ulama yang melarang hal tersebut berdalil dengan ayat:

لاَّ يَمَسَّةُ إِلاَّ الْمُطَهَّرُونَ

Artinya:
“Tidak menyentuhnya kecuali hamba-hamba yang disucikan.” (QS. Al Waqi’ah: 79)

يَمُسُّ maksudnya adalah menyentuh mushhaf al Qur’an. المُطَهَّرُونَ maksudnya adalah orang-orang yang bersuci. Oleh karena itu tidak boleh menyentuh mushaf al Qur’an kecuali bagi orang-orang yang telah bersuci dari hadats besar atau kecil.

Mereka juga berdalil dengan hadits Abu Bakar bin Muhammad bin ‘Amr bin Hazm dari bapaknya dari kakeknya bahwasanya Nabi shallallahu’alaihi wa sallam menulis surat kepada penduduk Yaman dan di dalamnya terdapat perkataan:

لاَّ يَمَسُّ الْقُرْاَنَ إِلاَّ طَا هِرٌ

“Tidak boleh menyentuh Al Qur’an kecuali orang yang suci.” (Hadits Al Atsram dari Daruqutni)

Sanad hadits ini dho’if namun memiliki sanad-sanad lain yang menguatkannya sehingga menjadi shahih li ghairihi (Irwa’ul Ghalil I/158-161, no. 122)

Ulama yang membolehkan wanita haid menyentuh mushhaf Al Qur’an memberikan penjelasan sebagai berikut:

إِنَّهُ لَقُرْءَانٌ كَرِيْمٌ فِي كِتَابٍ مَّكْنُو نٍ لاَّ يَمَسَّهُ إِلاَّ الْمُطَهَّرُونَ تَتِريلٌ مِّن رَّبِّ الْعَا لَمِينَ

Artinya:
“Sesungguhnya Al qur’an ini adalah bacaan yang sangat mulia pada kitab yang terpelihara. Tidak menyentuhya kecuali (hamba-hamba) yang disucikan. Diturunkan oleh Robbul ‘Alamin.” (QS. Al Waqi’ah: 77-80)

Kata ganti ﻪ (-nya pada “Tidak menyentuhnya”) kembali kepada ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻜﻨﻮﻥ (Kitab yang terpelihara). Ibnu ‘Abbas, Jabir bin Zaid, dan Abu Nuhaik berkata, “(yaitu) kitab yang ada di langit”.

Adh Dhahhak berkata, “Mereka (orang-orang kafir) menyangka bahwa setan-setanlah yang menurunkan Al Qur’an kepada Muhammad shallallaahu’alaihi wa sallam, maka Allah memberitakan kepada mereka bahwa setan-setan tidak kuasa dan tidak mampu melakukannya.” (Tafsir Ath Thobari XI/659).

Mengenai ﺍﻟﻤُﻄَﻬَّﺮُﻭﻥَ menurut pendapat beberapa ulama, di antaranya:

1.Ibnu ‘Abbas berkata, “Adalah para malaikat. Demikian pula pendapat Anas, Mujahid, ‘Ikrimah, Sa’id bin Jubair, Adh Dhahhak, Abu Sya’tsa’ , Jabir bin Zaid, Abu Nuhaik, As Suddi, ‘Abdurrohman bin Zaid bin Aslam, dan selain mereka.” [Tafsir Ibnu Katsir (Terj.)]

2.Ibnu Zaid berkata, “yaitu para malaikat dan para Nabi. Para utusan (malaikat) yang menurunkan dari sisi Allah disucikan; para nabi disucikan; dan para rasul yang membawanya juga disucikan.” (Tafsir Ath Thobari XI/659)

Imam Asy Syaukani berkata dalam Nailul Author, Kitab Thoharoh, Bab Wajibnya Berwudhu Ketika Hendak Melaksanakan Sholat, Thowaf, dan Menyentuh Mushhaf: “Hamba-hamba yang disucikan adalah hamba yang tidak najis, sedangkan seorang mu’min selamanya bukan orang yang najis berdasarkan hadits:

الْمُؤْمِنُ لاَ يَنْجُسُ

“Orang mu’min itu tidaklah najis.” (Muttafaqun ‘alaih)

Maka tidak sah membawakan arti (hamba) yang disucikan bagi orang yang tidak junub, haid, orang yang berhadats, atau membawa barang najis. Akan tetapi, wajib untuk membawanya kepada arti: Orang yang tidak musyrik sebagaimana dalam firman Allah Ta’ala yang artinya, “Sesungguhnya orang-orang musyrik itu najis.” (QS. At Taubah: 28)

Di samping itu lafadz yang digunakan dalam ayat tersebut adalah dalam bentuk isim maf’ul-nya (orang-orang yang disucikan), bukan dalam bentuk isim fa’il (orang-orang yang bersuci). Tentu hal tersebut mengandung makna yang sangat berbeda.

Mengenai hadits “Tidak boleh menyentuh Al Qur’an kecuali orang yang suci”, Syaikh Nashiruddin Al Albani rahimahullah berkata, “Yang paling dekat -Wallahu a’lam- maksud “orang yang suci” dalam hadits ini adalah orang mu’min baik dalam keadaan berhadats besar, kecil, wanita haid, atau yang di atas badannya terdapat benda najis karena sabda beliau shallallahu’alaihi wa sallam: “Orang mu’min tidakah najis” dan hadits di atas disepakati keshahihannya. Yang dimaksudkan dalam hadits ini (yaitu hadits Tidak boleh menyentuh Al Qur’an kecuali orang yang suci) bahwasanya beliau melarang memberikan kuasa kepada orang musyrik untuk menyentuhnya, sebagaimana dalam hadits:

نَهَى أَنْ يُسَا فَرَ بِا لْقُرْانِ إِلَى أَرْضِ اْلعَدُو

“Beliau melarang perjalanan dengan membawa Al Qur’an menuju tanah musuh.” (Hadits riwayat Bukhori). (Dinukil dari Larangan-larangan Seputar Wanita Haid dari Tamamul Minnah, hal. 107).

Meski demikian, bagi seseorang yang berhadats kecil sedang ia ingin memegang mushaf untuk membacanya maka lebih baik dia berwudhu terlebih dahulu. Mush’ab bin Sa’ad bin Abi Waqash berkata, “Aku sedang memegang mushhaf di hadapan Sa’ad bin Abi Waqash kemudian aku menggaruk-garuk. Maka Sa’ad berkata, ‘Apakah engkau telah menyentuh kemaluanmu?’ Aku jawab, ‘Ya.’ Dia berkata, ‘Berdiri dan berwudhulah!’ Maka aku pun berdiri dan berwudhu kemudian aku kembali.” (Diriwayatkan oleh Imam Malik dalam Al Muwaththa’ dengan sanad yang shahih)

Ishaq bin Marwazi berkata, “Aku berkata (kepada Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal), ‘Apakah seseorang boleh membaca tanpa berwudhu terlebih dahulu?’ Beliau menjawab, ‘Ya, akan tetapi hendaknya dia tidak membaca pada mushhaf sebelum berwudhu”.

Ishaq bin Rahawaih berkata, “Benar yang beliau katakan, karena terdapat hadits yang dari Nabi shallallahu’alaihi wa sallam. Beliau bersabda, ‘Tidak boleh menyentuh Al Qur’an kecuali orang yang suci’ dan demikian pula yang diperbuat oleh para shahabat Nabi shallallahu’alaihi wa sallam.” (Dari Larangan-larangan Seputar Wanita Haid, dari Irwaul Gholil I/161 dari Masa’il Imam Ahmad hal. 5)

Abu Muhammad bin Hazm dalam Al Muhalla I/77 berkata, “Menyentuh mushhaf dan berdzikir kepada Allah merupakan ibadah yang diperbolehkan untuk dilakukan dan pelakunya diberi pahala. Maka barangsiapa yang melarang dari hal tersebut, maka ia harus mendatangkan dalil.” (Jami’ Ahkamin Nisa’ I/188).

Kesimpulan:
Wanita yang sedang haid diperbolehkan menyentuh mushhaf Al Qur’an karena tidak ada dalil yang jelas dan shohih yang melarang hal tersebut. Wallaahu Ta’ala A’lam.

Rujukan:

1.Larangan-larangan Seputar Wanita Haid, artikel Majalah As Sunnah 01/ IV/ 1420-1999, Abu Sholihah Muslim al Atsari.
2.Jami’ Ahkamin Nisa’, Syaikh Musthofa al ‘Adawi.
3.Tafsir Al Qur’an Al ‘Adziim (Terj. Tafsir Ibnu Katsir Jilid 8), Ibnu Katsir.

sumber : http://muslimah.or.id/fikih/hukum-seputar-darah-wanita-haid.html

regards, taniafdi ^_^

8/21/10

Kesibukan Para Malaikat di Surga.

Seseorang bercerita, aku bermimpi suatu hari aku pergi ke surga dan seorang malaikat menemaniku serta menunjukkan keadaan di surga.

Memasuki suatu ruang kerja yang penuh dengan para malaikat. Malaikat yang mengantarku berhenti di depan ruang kerja pertama dan berkata,"

Ini adalah Seksi Penerimaan.
Disini, semua permintaan yang ditujukan pada Allah, diterima".

Aku melihat-lihat sekeliling tempat ini dan aku dapati tempat ini begitu sibuk dengan begitu banyak malaikat yang memilah-milah seluruh permohonan yang tertulis pada kertas dari manusia di seluruh dunia.

Kemudian,....
aku dan malaikat-ku berjalan lagi melalui koridor yang panjang. lalu sampailah kami pada ruang kerja kedua.

Malaikat-ku berkata,
"Ini adalah Seksi Pengepakan dan Pengiriman.

Disini, kemuliaan dan rahmat yang diminta manusia diproses dan dikirim ke manusia-manusia yang masih hidup yang memintanya".

Aku perhatikan lagi betapa sibuknya ruang kerja itu. Ada banyak malaikat yang bekerja begitu keras karena ada begitu banyaknya permohonan yang dimintakan dan sedang dipaketkan untuk dikirim ke bumi.

Kami melanjutkan perjalanan lagi hingga sampai pada ujung terjauh koridor panjang tersebut dan berhenti pada sebuah pintu ruang kerja yang sangat kecil.
Yang sangat mengejutkan aku, hanya ada satu malaikat yang duduk disana, hampir tidak melakukan apapun.

"Ini adalah Seksi Pernyataan Terima Kasih", kata Malaikatku pelan. Dia tampak malu.
"Bagaimana ini? Mengapa hampir tidak ada pekerjaan disini?", tanyaku.

Menyedihkan", Malaikat-ku menghela napas. "Setelah manusia menerima rahmat yang mereka minta, sangat sedikit manusia yang mengirimkan pernyataan terima kasih".

"Bagaimana manusia menyatakan terima kasih atas Rahmat Tuhan?", tanyaku.
"Sederhana sekali", jawab Malaikat.
"Cukup berkata,
'ALHAMDULILLAHI RABBIL AALAMIIN, Terima kasih, Tuhan' ".
"Lalu, rahmat apa saja yang perlu kita syukuri?”, tanyaku.

Malaikat-ku menjawab,
"Jika engkau mempunyai makanan di lemari es, Pakaian yang menutup tubuhmu, atap di atas kepalamu dan tempat untuk tidur, Maka engkau lebih kaya dari 75% penduduk dunia ini.
"Jika engkau memiliki uang di bank, di dompetmu, dan uang-uang receh, maka engkau berada diantara 8% kesejahteraan dunia.
"Dan jika engkau mendapatkan pesan ini di komputermu,engkau adalah bagian dari 1% di dunia yang memiliki kesempatan itu.
Juga.... Jika engkau bangun pagi ini dengan lebih banyak kesehatan daripada kesakitan ... engkau lebih dirahmati daripada begitu banyak orang di dunia ini yang tidak dapat bertahan hidup hingga hari ini.
"[i]Jika engkau tidak pernah mengalami ketakutan dalam perang, kesepian dalam penjara, kesengsaraan penyiksaan, atau kelaparan yang amat sangat [/i]....Maka,engkau lebih beruntung dari 700 juta orang di dunia".
"Jika,........ engkau dapat menghadiri Masjid atau pertemuan religius tanpa ada ketakutan akan penyerangan, penangkapan, penyiksaan,atau kematian ... M a k a,....engkau lebih dirahmati daripada 3 milyar orang didunia.
"Jika,....orangtuamu masih hidup dan masih berada dalam ikatan pernikahan ... Maka,.....engkau termasuk orang yang sangat jarang.
"Jika engkau dapat menegakkan kepala dan tersenyum, maka,.....engkau bukanlah seperti orang kebanyakan, engkau unik dibandingkan emua mereka yang berada dalam keraguan dan keputusasaan.
"Jika,...engkau dapat membaca pesan ini, maka engkau menerima rahmat ganda yaitu bahwa seseorang yang mengirimkan ini padamu, berpikir bahwa engkau orang yang sangat istimewa baginya, dan bahwa, engkau lebih dirahmati daripada lebih dari 2 juta orang di dunia yang bahkan tidak dapat membaca sama sekali".

Nikmatilah hari-harimu, hitunglah rahmat yang telah Allah anugerahkan kepadamu.

Dan jika engkau berkenan, kirimkan pesan ini ke semua teman-temanmu untuk mengingatkan mereka betapa dirahmatiNya kita semua.

"Dan ingatlah tatkala Tuhanmu menyatakan bahwa, 'Sesungguhnya jika kamu bersyukur, pasti Aku akan menambahkan lebih banyak nikmat kepadamu' ".
(QS:Ibrahim (14) :7 )

regards, taniafdi ^_^

Triglyceride and Waist Measurements Predict Heart-Disease Risk

News Author: Sue Hughes

CME Author: Penny Murata, MD

Released: 07/23/2010; Valid for credit through 07/23/2011

July 23, 2010 — Using two simple and inexpensive measurements--triglycerides and waist circumference--can identify patients with intra-abdominal obesity who have an increased risk of coronary artery disease and can add value in detecting risk of heart disease when used with traditional risk models such as Framingham, a new study suggests [1].

The study, published online July 19, 2010 in the Canadian Medical Association Journal, was conducted by a team led by Dr Benoit Arsenault (l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, QC).

A Step Beyond Metabolic Syndrome?

Coauthor Dr Jean Pierre Després (l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec) told heartwire that he believes the combination of a large waist measurement plus high triglyceride level, termed the "hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype," is the next step beyond metabolic syndrome.

"We are not proposing that this is a new definition of metabolic syndrome. But we are suggesting that this is a new phenomenon beyond the metabolic syndrome that can identify individuals at increased risk of heart disease who may fall through the net if we just use traditional risk factors," he said.
 
Metabolic syndrome, a condition that is the subject of much argument over its relevance, is defined as having three of the following risk factors: increased waist circumference, elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, or elevated fasting glucose. The latter three risk factors are normally measured as part of traditional risk evaluations for heart disease, so Després is saying that the focus should therefore be on waist and triglycerides, which have now been shown to add value over and above traditional risk factors.
 
"These two simple measurements are the cheapest way of finding those people who are at risk from this lousy lifestyle we now lead--those with visceral obesity and related metabolic disorders. Because it is measuring the two components of the metabolic syndrome not captured by Framingham or other traditional risk scores, it is picking up the risk of metabolic syndrome not found by those traditional scores," he added.


In the paper, the authors explain that although obesity is a health hazard, not every obese person has the expected metabolic abnormalities associated with excess body fat, and these tend to occur more often in those people with an excess of intra-abdominal or visceral adipose tissue. They have previously proposed that waist circumference can be used as an easy measurement of intra-abdominal adiposity, with elevated triglyceride levels further identifying "dysfunctional" adipose tissue. They suggest that hypertriglyceridemia combined with an increased waistline could be a marker of lipid overflow resulting from a relative defect of adipose tissue to clear and store the excess triglycerides from overeating and lack of physical activity.

EPIC-Norfolk Study

In the current study, they report on the performance of this phenotype as a screening tool for coronary heart disease among participants in the EPIC-Norfolk study, a population-based study involving 25 668 men and women aged 45 to 79 years in Norfolk, UK, who completed a baseline questionnaire and attended a clinic visit.
 
The hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype was defined as a waist circumference of 90 cm or more and a triglyceride level of 2.0 mmol/L or more in men and a waist circumference of 85 cm or more and a triglyceride level of 1.5 mmol/L or more in women.


Coronary artery disease developed in 2109 participants during the study follow-up. Compared with participants who had a waist circumference and triglyceride level below the threshold, those with the hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype had higher blood pressure, higher levels of apolipoprotein B and C-reactive protein, lower levels of HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I, and smaller low-density lipoprotein particles.

Both men and women with the hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype had an increased risk of developing heart disease than those who did not have the phenotype, and this increase remained significant after researchers accounted for traditional risk factors.

Hazard Ratio for Heart Disease With Hypertriglyceridemic-Waist Phenotype

Group          Unadjusted HR (95% CI)     Adjusted* HR (95% CI)

Men             2.40 (2.02–2.87)                  1.28 (1.07–1.54)

Women        3.84 (3.20–4.62)                  1.67 (1.35–2.06)

*Adjusted for age, total cholesterol level, HDL, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, and presence of diabetes

Després believes the measurement of triglycerides and waist is particularly important to pick up patients who have normal traditional risk scores. "If they have hypertension or diabetes or raised cholesterol, they will be picked up with traditional methods, but we found in our study that patients with normal values on traditional risk scores had double or triple the risk of developing heart disease if they had hypertriglyceridemic waist. It is these people who are slipping through the net at the moment but can be easily identified with these two simple tests," he added.

References
1. Arsenault BJ, Lemieux I, Després JP, et al. The hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype and the risk of coronary artery disease: Results from the EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study. CMAJ 2010; DOI:10.1503/cmaj.091276. Available at: http://www.cmaj.ca.


Source : http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/725678?src=cmemp&uac=97984HK

regards, taniafdi ^_^

8/19/10

My Parents

us
that guys with green shirt.., screw this picture.., hiks hiks..











 
Foto ini diambil candid (alias tiba-tiba), lg duduk sendirian, trus meratiin papa-mama. Kok, asikk bener ngomongnya (ehem..ehem..), trus langsung di jepret (gotcha..!!). And, vooiilaaa..., jd deh.., lebih keren lg klo yg baju ijo itu disuruh minggir dulu.., T_T
 
regards, taniafdi ^_^

8/13/10

Harry Potter 7

Yeayyy..., it's HP7's times...., ini salah satu film yg kudu di tonton.., karena ini final alias akhir dr perjalanan Mr. Harpot. Nah, kebetulan filmnya di bagi jadi 2, satu di bulan November 2010 n satu lagi di tahun 2011 (masih lama.., hiks). Kalo diliat dari trailernya, kayanya visual effect yang disuguhkan cukup menjanjikan, dan alur cerita yang di adaptasi dr buku pas banget time-timenya... (maksudnya..., hal-hal keren yg digambarkan di buku, itu yang di adaptasi ke layar lebar). Mudah-mudahan potongan-potongan scenes yang ada di trailer ini ngga mengecewakan pas di filmnya..., ^_^





regards, taniafdi ^_^

8/11/10

News from Medical Update edisi Agustus 2010

Dulera sebagai Obat Baru untuk Asma.

FDA telah memberi persetujuan pemasaran obat kombinasi tetap dual action produksi Merck, yang mengandung kortikosteroid inhalasi dan agonis adrenoseptor-beta kerja panjang. Obat kombinasi mometasone firoate dan formoterol fumarate ini diindikasikan untuk memperbaiki fungsi paru pada pasien asma.
Obat kombinasi inhalasi ini diperbolehkan digunakan untuk pasien asma yang berusia 12 tahun atau lebih, dan dikontraindikasikan untuk mengobati bronkospasme akut. Sementara itu, obat ini sedang diteliti penggunannya untuk mengobati penyakit paru obstruktif kronik.



Induksi Persalinan lebih Efektif dengan Balon Foley yang diisi 60 mL.

Kateter transervikal Foley yang dipakai untuk induksi kelahiran dengan ujung balon ukuran 30 mL yang diisi 60 mL garam fisiologis, akan memberikan hasil lebih baik untuk proses persalinan dalam 12 jam, ketimbang mengisinya dengan 30 mL.
Dr. Shani Delaney dari University of Washington di Seattle, mengatakan bahwa uji klinis terdahulu yang dilakukan secara random membandingkan balon 30 mL dan 80 mL untuk fungsi ini, dan mendapatkan angka persalinan dalam 24 jam lebih tinggi dengan balon yang lebih besar, tetapi tidak ada laporan mengenai balon 30 mL yang dikembangkan menjadi volume yang bervariasi. Pada studi terandomisasi ini, para peneliti memakai kateter Bard 18-French Foley dengan ujung balon 30 mL yang diisi 30 atau 60 mL. Mereka memilih 192 perempuan dengan umur kehamilan, tinggi fundus uteri, dan kehamilan tunggal dengan skor Bishop < 5, mengindikasikan bahwa proses kelahiran tidak mungkin mulai tanpa induksi. Dalam 1/2 jam setelah kateter dipasang, diberi oxytocin. Tidak ada komplikasi yang berkaitan dengan peletakan atau pengembangan balon.
Hasil primer yaitu kelahiran dalam 24 jam, tidak berbeda antara kelompok 30 mL dan 60 mL. Tetapi setelah 12 jam, 25 perempuan pada kelompok 60 mL partus dan pada kelompok 30 mL 13 perempuan. Pelebaran serviks rata-rata adalah 4 cm pada kelompok 30 mL.

Sumber : Obstetrics & Gynecology 2010; 115: 1239-1245


regards, taniafdi ^_^

Sherlock from 221B Baker Street

Yuuuppp..., ini salah satu serial asing yg kudu di tonton.., ^^
Kenapa? krn alur ceritanya benar-benar sangat kreatif dan mendidik trus bikin wawasan lebih luas. Model ceritanya hampir mirip sieh dengan Sherlock Holmes yang movienya. Tentang detektif ternama London bernama Sherlock Holmes, yg konon katanya jago men-solving kasus-kasus yg ga tuntas ama polisi. Pemegang lisensi nya kebetulan stasiun BBC london (yg ga perlu dipertanyakan lagi kredibilitas nya di bidang tayangan drama bermutu). Pokoknya benar-benar di rekomendasiin deh buat yg pengen tontonan nya lebih beda, ber-adrenalin, yg suka serial2 detektifan n jauh dr kesan melodramatik. Benar-benar kudu nonton deh..., kalo saiah mah dari skala 1-5, kasih 4 buat nieh serial... ^^



regards, taniafdi ^_^

8/2/10

New Journals and News


CPR with Chest Compression Alone or with Rescue Breathing.



PSA Screening Leads to Aggressive Treatment, Even in Older Men at Low Risk.



regards, taniafdi ^_^

A Guide to Gaining Access to US Medical Residencies for Foreign Medical Graduates


Introduction

Graduates of foreign medical schools face a long, expensive process when they decide to pursue a residency program or fellowship in the United States. Aside from investigating programs, obtaining visas, and narrowing down specialties, candidates must obtain certification from the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG), the body that determines whether prospective students are equipped to enter US programs.
The ECFMG assesses a candidate's eligibility through a battery of tests and credentials checks, including the following:
  • Medical school diploma from a school and graduating year listed in the International Medical Education Directory (IMED);
  • United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 and Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) examinations; and
  • USMLE Step 2 Clinical Skills (CS) examination.
Collecting these documents to seek approval from the ECFMG is also often a prerequisite to obtaining a license to practice medicine in the United States.
Although the requirements might sound daunting, preparing well before the final year of medical school gives the candidate the best chance of getting into the right program at the right time. Studying for examinations and gathering the needed applications and certifications will ease the process. Moreover, factoring in the price of test preparation courses, photocopying, and postage and the time and expense involved in travel to test centers will help ensure a smoother, less stressful passage.


Application and Documentation

Before applying for the first test, candidates should know that one's medical school and graduation year must be listed in the IMED in order to qualify for ECFMG certification. Applicants must have, or anticipate receiving, 4 credit years: academic years for which credit has been given toward completion of the medical curriculum at an IMED school.
Submitting the application to schedule the USMLE Step 1 test marks the beginning of the certification process. The ECFMG is in charge of receiving and tracking all foreign applications, issuing each person an identification number that should be used in subsequent correspondence.
Applicants must first complete the ECFMG's online authentication process. Begin by visiting ECFMG's Overview of Online Services. The process consists of 2 parts: online application and authentication, followed by completion of either the Certification of Identification Form (Form 186) or the Certification Statement (Form 183).
For the online application, candidates will need access to a computer with a printer. In addition, they will need an e-mail address and either a valid credit card (Visa, MasterCard, or Discover) or a checking account at a US bank and a valid US driver's license or Social Security Number in order to pay the fee for the USMLE examination. They will also be asked to choose a period during which to schedule their examination.
The application requires information about clinical clerkships, as well as names and addresses of medical schools attended, attendance dates, and any credits that have been transferred to the medical school that awarded or will award the degree. Medical school graduates should be ready to provide their education credentials with this initial examination application. Those who are still students must send medical education credentials as soon as they graduate and receive their diplomas and transcripts.
Candidates have 14 days to complete the online application and examination fee. When the online application is complete and the fee paid, the system will generate the Certification of Identification Form (Form 186, which is for applicants enrolled in medical schools that participate in the ECFMG's Medical School Web Portal [EMSWP]) or the Certification Statement (Form 183, which is the paper certification for applicants who are students enrolled in medical schools that do not participate in EMSWP]). The forms must be completed by the candidate and an authorized official of the candidate's medical school or a consular official, first class magistrate, notary public, or commissioner of oaths.
Recent graduates who have not yet received their diplomas require a certificate from the dean, vice-dean, or registrar of their medical school, stating that all of the requirements to receive the diploma have been met and the date on which the diploma will be issued.
Along with the certification forms, students and graduates must be ready to turn in 2 copies of a diploma and 1 full-face, passport-sized color photograph. The ECFMG will also request transcripts from one's medical school, translated into English.
When the completed the application has been received, the candidate will be issued a USMLE/ECFMG number. Candidates can use their USMLE/ECFMG number to register for other tests and to check their status at the USMLE's Interactive Web Application.

USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK

USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK are computer-based multiple-choice examinations. They must be taken at Prometric examination centers, which are located worldwide. For 2010, the base fee for Step 1 is $740; it is also $740 for Step 2 CK. Additional charges will vary by country. For more information, please check ECFMG's International Test Delivery Fee Surcharges chart.
Information on where to take the test can be found at these links:
Europe, Middle East, and Africa:http://www.prometric.com/USMLE/EMEAAP.htm
Step 1 tests applicants on anatomy; behavioral sciences; biochemistry; microbiology; pathology; pharmacology; physiology; and interdisciplinary areas, including genetics, aging, immunology, nutrition, and molecular and cell biology.
Beginning in May 2010, Step 1 will be divided into 7 blocks with a total of 336 questions. Participants are allotted 1 hour to complete each block. The minimum passing score for Step 1 is 188.
Step 2 is divided into 8- to 60-minute blocks and has a total of 352 questions. The test takes 9 hours, with a 45-minute break. The minimum passing score is 184. Step 2 requires interpretation of tables and laboratory data; imaging studies; photographs of gross and microscopic pathologic specimens; and results of other diagnostic studies in internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, preventive medicine, psychiatry, surgery, and other areas relevant to provision of care under supervision.
Most Step 2 CK test items describe clinical situations and require that test-takers provide 1 or more of the following: a diagnosis; a prognosis; an indication of underlying mechanisms of disease; and the next step in medical care, including preventive measures.
Familiarity with the format of the examination and the subject matter is key. Visiting the USMLE Web site will give applicants a good overview of the depth and breadth of the test, but online preparation courses may be wise investments.

Step 2 CS

The USMLE Step 2 CS examination tests students and graduates on their ability to collect information from a live patient, perform physical examinations, and communicate these findings to patients and colleagues. The test simulates a physical examination, using actors who are trained to portray real patients. The test can be taken only in the United States at 1 of the 5 Clinical Skills Evaluation Centers, located in Atlanta, Georgia; Chicago, Illinois; Houston, Texas; Los Angeles, California, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The Clinical Skills test looks at a candidate's ability in 3 major areas: the integrated clinical encounter, communication and interpersonal skills, and proficiency in English. In the integrated clinical encounter, candidates are evaluated on data gathering (taking a history and conducting a physical examination) and documentation (making notes and summarizing the encounter, diagnostic impression, and work-up). In the communication and interpersonal skills component, evaluators assess the candidate's questioning skills, information-sharing skills, and professional manner and rapport. Finally, evaluators assess the foreign medical graduate's English-language skills in the context of a physician-patient encounter.
Step 2 CS is graded on a pass/fail basis. The fee for the examination is $1295.
When all medical school documents have been received, fees paid, and examinations passed, the ECFMG will issue applicants a paper certificate. For those who have applied to residency programs through the Electronic Residency Application Service, updates will be transmitted automatically to the candidate's program.
As can be seen, obtaining ECFMG certification can be an expensive, complicated process. However, those committed to furthering their studies through a residence program or fellowship in the United States will find it easier if they keep these points in mind:
  1. Begin thinking and planning well before the final year of medical school.
  2. Set aside time for study and at least $2775 US for test fees (see http://www.ecfmg.org/fees.html for a list of fees for commonly encountered ECFMG services).
  3. Become familiar with the structure and subject of tests.
  4. Write to ECFMG for updated information, or visit their Web site.



regards, taniafdi ^_^